仕事と職業

freelancer (a self-employed worker hired per project)

Someone who works independently for various clients rather than being employed by one company.

intern (a junior trainee gaining work experience)

A trainee, often a student or recent graduate, gaining experience in a workplace, sometimes unpaid.

apprentice (a trainee learning a skilled trade)

Someone learning a skilled trade by working alongside an experienced professional.

recruiter (a person who finds candidates for jobs)

A person whose job is to find and attract candidates for vacant positions.

supervisor (a person who directly oversees workers)

A person who oversees the work of others, typically a level below a manager.

consultant (an external expert who advises companies)

An expert hired externally to give professional advice to organisations.

contractor (a worker hired on a fixed contract, not staff)

Someone engaged to do work on a contract basis rather than as a permanent employee.

civil servant (a government employee)

A person employed in the public sector by a government department.

breadwinner (the main earner supporting a family)

The person whose earnings are the main source of income for a household.

workforce (the total body of workers)

All the people employed by a particular organisation or in a particular sector.

headquarters (a company's main central office)

The main offices from which an organisation is controlled.

premises (the physical building a business occupies)

The building and land occupied by a business; used in formal or official contexts.

department (a functional division of an organisation)

A division of an organisation dealing with a specific area of work.

hierarchy (the ranked structure of authority at work)

The system of ranking and authority within an organisation.

open-plan office (a large shared workspace without walls)

A workspace without internal walls or partitions separating employees.

agenda (a planned list of meeting topics)

A list of items to be discussed at a meeting.

minutes (the written record of a meeting)

The official written record of what was said and decided at a meeting.

onboarding (the process of settling in a new hire)

The process of integrating and training a newly hired employee.

probation period (a trial period at the start of a job)

An initial trial period during which a new employee's suitability is assessed.

notice period (the time you must work after resigning)

The length of time an employee must continue working after resigning or being dismissed.

severance pay (compensation paid when a job ends)

Money paid to an employee when their employment is terminated, especially through redundancy.

redundancy (job loss because the role is eliminated; UK)

The situation of losing a job because the position is no longer needed; UK term.

perk (a non-salary benefit of a job)

An extra benefit or privilege that comes with a job, beyond the basic pay.

benefits (employment compensation beyond salary)

Non-wage compensation such as health insurance, pension contributions and paid leave.

bonus (an extra reward payment on top of salary)

An extra payment added to an employee's wages, often for good performance.

commission (earnings as a percentage of sales)

Payment based on a percentage of sales made, common in sales roles.

sick leave (authorised time off due to illness)

Time off work that is permitted because of illness.

maternity leave (time off work after having a baby)

A period of authorised absence from work granted to a mother before and after childbirth.

sabbatical (an extended break from a job)

An extended period of leave from work, often for study, travel or rest.

flexitime (flexible working hours arrangement)

A system allowing employees to vary their start and finish times within limits.

tenure (a guaranteed permanent academic post; or time held)

The status of holding a permanent, secure post, especially in academia; also length of time in a job.

appraisal (a formal performance review)

A formal assessment of an employee's performance, usually held annually.

burnout (exhaustion from chronic overwork)

A state of physical and emotional exhaustion caused by prolonged work stress.

work-life balance (the balance between job and personal life)

The equilibrium between time spent on work and time spent on personal life.

nine-to-five (a conventional regular-hours office job)

A standard office job with regular daytime hours; often implies routine or monotony.

dead-end job (a job with no chance of progression)

A job with no prospects of advancement or improvement.

glass ceiling (an unseen barrier to promotion for some groups)

An invisible barrier preventing certain groups, especially women, from rising to senior positions.

white-collar (relating to office/professional work)

Relating to professional, office-based or managerial work.

blue-collar (relating to manual/industrial work)

Relating to manual or industrial work, typically involving physical labour.

vocation (a deeply felt calling to a profession)

A strong sense of calling or suitability to a particular type of work, often in caring professions.

to recruit (to hire new staff)

To find and take on new employees.

to headhunt (to recruit someone away from another job)

To actively approach and recruit someone who is already employed elsewhere, usually for a senior role.

to lay off (to dismiss staff due to lack of work)

To dismiss employees, usually because there is not enough work, not because of poor performance.

to make someone redundant (to eliminate someone's job; UK)

To dismiss an employee because their job is no longer needed; UK term.

to downsize (to reduce a company's workforce)

To reduce the number of employees in order to cut costs.

to outsource (to give work to an outside provider)

To contract work out to an external company rather than doing it in-house.

to delegate (to hand a task to someone below you)

To assign a task or responsibility to a more junior person.

to shortlist (to narrow applicants to a final few)

To select a small group of the best candidates from a larger pool.

to hand in one's notice (to formally announce you're quitting)

To formally inform an employer that one is resigning.

to step down (to resign from a senior post)

To resign from a senior or leadership position, often voluntarily.

to take on (to hire or employ someone)

To hire or start employing someone.

to poach (to take a worker away from a rival firm)

To lure an employee away from a competitor by offering better terms.

to mentor (to guide a junior colleague)

To advise and support a less experienced colleague over time.

to supervise (to oversee others' work)

To oversee and be responsible for the work of others.

to oversee (to manage and watch over work/a project)

To watch over and manage a process or project to ensure it is done properly.

to demote (to move someone to a lower position)

To move someone to a lower or less senior position, often as a penalty.

to moonlight (to work a second job on the side)

To work a second job, usually in the evenings and often secretly, in addition to one's main job.

to pull one's weight (to do one's fair share of work)

To do one's fair share of the work within a team.

to learn the ropes (to learn how a job is done)

To learn how a job or task is properly done.

to go the extra mile (to do more than is required)

To make more effort than is expected or required.

to cut corners (to skimp on quality to save time/money)

To do something in the cheapest or quickest way, often sacrificing quality.

to hit the ground running (to be productive from day one)

To start a new job or task with great energy and be productive immediately.

to touch base (to check in briefly with someone)

To make brief contact with someone to exchange updates; common in office speech.

snowed under (overwhelmed with too much work)

Overwhelmed with an excessive amount of work.

to climb the corporate ladder (to rise through company ranks)

To advance steadily through the ranks of a company towards more senior positions.

executive (a senior manager or director; also, in UK professional titles, a junior specialist e.g. marketing executive)

A senior person with managerial authority in an organisation.

red tape (obstructive bureaucratic procedures)

Excessive bureaucracy and official rules that slow things down.

to micromanage (to over-control employees' every detail; always carries negative connotation)

To control every small detail of someone's work, usually in an unwelcome way.

layoff (American English; British: redundancy)

American English word for job loss caused by the elimination of a role or a lack of work; the British counterpart in the 'role eliminated' sense is redundancy.

flextime (American English; British: flexitime)

American English spelling for an arrangement letting employees choose their own start and finish times within limits; the British spelling is flexitime.