お金と金融

overdraft (a facility to borrow via your current account when the balance is negative)

An arrangement allowing you to spend more than your account holds, up to a limit; the negative balance itself.

overdrawn (having withdrawn more than an account holds, so the balance is negative)

Describing an account that has gone below zero because more has been withdrawn than was available.

direct debit (an automatic recurring payment a company pulls from your account)

An automatic arrangement letting a company collect varying amounts from your account on agreed dates.

standing order (a fixed regular payment you instruct your bank to make)

An instruction to your bank to pay a fixed amount to someone at regular intervals.

statement (a periodic record of transactions on a bank account)

A periodic record from a bank listing all transactions and the balance on an account.

compound interest (interest earned on both the principal and previously accrued interest)

Interest calculated on both the original sum and the interest already added, so it grows faster over time.

principal (the original sum borrowed or invested, separate from interest)

The original amount of a loan or investment, before any interest is added.

collateral (an asset pledged as security against a loan)

Property or assets pledged to a lender as security, which they can seize if the loan isn't repaid.

to default (to fail to repay a debt as agreed)

To fail to make required payments on a debt or loan.

solvent (able to pay one's debts)

Having enough money to pay all your debts; financially sound.

insolvent (unable to pay one's debts)

Unable to pay debts as they fall due; effectively bankrupt.

disposable income (money remaining after tax and necessities are paid)

The money left over to spend or save after taxes and essential bills are paid.

frugal (carefully economical, avoiding waste)

Careful and sparing with money, avoiding waste; usually approving.

thrifty (skilled at spending economically and avoiding waste)

Good at managing money so little is wasted; resourceful and economical.

to splurge (to spend lavishly, often on a treat)

To spend a lot of money freely, often on something indulgent.

nest egg (a reserve of money saved for the future)

A sum of money saved up over time, usually for retirement or emergencies.

rainy day fund (savings kept for unexpected emergencies)

Money set aside specifically for unexpected difficulties or emergencies.

to live beyond one's means (to spend more than one can afford)

To spend more money than you earn or can afford.

to tighten one's belt (to cut back spending during hard times)

To start spending less because money is short.

to reimburse (to repay someone for money they have spent)

To pay someone back money they have spent on your behalf or lost.

to take out (to arrange a loan, mortgage, or insurance)

To arrange and obtain a loan, mortgage, or insurance policy from a provider.

to foot the bill (to pay for something, often reluctantly)

To pay for something, especially something expensive or that others benefit from.

to chip in (to contribute money together with others)

To contribute a share of money along with others towards a common cost.

to cough up (to pay money reluctantly)

To pay or hand over money unwillingly.

to dip into (to use part of one's savings or reserves)

To take a part of an amount of money you had saved or set aside.

recession (a period of significant economic decline)

A period when the economy shrinks and business activity falls for several months.

to depreciate (to lose value over time)

To fall in value over time, as with cars, equipment, or a currency.

to appreciate (to increase in monetary value)

To rise in value over time, as with property, investments, or a currency.

asset (something valuable that a person or organisation owns)

Something of value that you own, such as property, savings, or investments.

liability (a debt or financial obligation owed)

A debt or financial obligation that you owe to others.

capital (wealth or money available for investment)

Money or assets available to invest or use to generate more wealth.

yield (the income or return from an investment, as a percentage)

The income or return produced by an investment, usually expressed as a percentage.

return (the profit gained on an investment)

The profit or gain made on money that has been invested.

purchasing power (how much a given amount of money can buy)

The amount of goods and services that a sum of money can buy, which inflation erodes.

liquidity (how readily assets can be converted to cash)

How easily an asset can be turned into cash without losing value; available ready money.

in the red (in debt or with a negative account balance)

Owing money or having a negative balance; the opposite of being in profit.

in the black (financially solvent, with a positive balance)

Having money, with a positive balance and no debt.

to break the bank (to be too expensive — often used negatively to mean affordable)

To cost more than you can afford; usually used in the negative to mean something is affordable.

to pay through the nose (to pay an excessively high price)

To pay far too much for something.

strapped for cash (short of money at the moment)

Temporarily short of money.

to splash out (to spend generously on a treat)

To spend a lot of money on something special or indulgent.

to fork out (to pay a large amount, often grudgingly)

To pay for something, often a lot and reluctantly.

instalment (one of several scheduled partial payments)

One of a series of regular payments made to gradually pay off a larger sum.

dividend (a payment to shareholders from a company's profits)

A share of profits paid out to people who own shares in a company.

to squander (to waste money or resources recklessly)

To waste money, time, or opportunities carelessly and pointlessly.

to fritter away (to waste money little by little on trivial things)

To gradually waste money or time on small, trivial things without noticing.

to set aside (to reserve money for a specific future use)

To deliberately keep an amount of money for a particular future purpose.

to bail out (to rescue someone from financial trouble by providing money)

To rescue a person or organisation from financial trouble by giving them money.

equity ((1) the portion of a property's value owned outright after deducting mortgage debt; (2) ownership shares or stake in a company)

The value of a property you actually own, after subtracting any mortgage owed.

deflation (a sustained general decrease in prices)

A general fall in prices across the economy over time, the opposite of inflation.

austerity (a period of severely reduced public spending)

A policy or condition of severe spending cuts and economic restraint, often imposed by governments.

to cost an arm and a leg (to be very expensive)

To be extremely expensive.

windfall (an unexpected piece of good fortune in money)

An unexpected sum of money that comes to you, such as a bonus, gift, or inheritance.

installment (American English; British: instalment)

American English spelling for one of several scheduled partial payments.