c1単語パック

政治と社会

政府や選挙、権利や制度を語るための語彙。

71 語

英語の語彙

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71 語

定義の言語：: 日本語

1
electoratenounformalneutral
the electorate (all eligible voters in a country or area)
Collective term for all the people entitled to vote in an election.
The party has clearly lost touch with its core electorate.
The party has clearly lost touch with its core electorate.
2
incumbentnounformalneutral
incumbent (the current holder of an elected office)
The current holder of an office or position, especially when facing re-election.
The incumbent has a clear advantage in name recognition.
The incumbent has a clear advantage in name recognition.
3
coalitionnounneutral
coalition (an alliance of parties governing together)
A government or alliance formed by two or more parties cooperating together.
No single party won a majority, so they formed a coalition.
No single party won a majority, so they formed a coalition.
4
mandatenounformalneutral
mandate (authority to act given by an electoral victory)
The authority to govern granted by voters, or an instruction to carry out a policy.
They claim a clear mandate for radical reform.
They claim a clear mandate for radical reform.
5
bipartisanadjectiveformalneutral
bipartisan (supported by both main parties)
Involving cooperation or agreement between two opposing political parties.
The bill passed with rare bipartisan support.
The bill passed with rare bipartisan support.
6
suffragenounformal
suffrage (the right to vote)
The right to vote in political elections, especially as a historical achievement.
Universal suffrage was only achieved after decades of struggle.
Universal suffrage was only achieved after decades of struggle.
7
voter turnoutexpressionneutral
voter turnout (the percentage of eligible voters who vote)
The proportion of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot in an election.
Voter turnout was the lowest in living memory.
Voter turnout was the lowest in living memory.
8
landslidenounneutral
landslide (an election won by a huge margin)
An overwhelming election victory by a wide margin.
The party swept to power in a landslide.
The party swept to power in a landslide.
9
filibusternountechnicalneutral
filibuster (a stalling tactic to block a vote in a legislature)
A prolonged speech or tactic used to delay or block a legislative decision.
Senators used a filibuster to stall the vote for hours.
Senators used a filibuster to stall the vote for hours.
10
gerrymanderingnountechnicalpejorative
gerrymandering (rigging voting district lines for political advantage)
Manipulating electoral district boundaries to favour one party.
Critics accused the state of blatant gerrymandering.
Critics accused the state of blatant gerrymandering.
11
demagoguenounformalpejorative
demagogue (a leader who exploits popular fears and prejudice)
A leader who gains power by appealing to popular emotions and prejudices.
History is littered with demagogues who exploited people's fears.
History is littered with demagogues who exploited people's fears.
12
patriotismnounneutral
patriotism (pride in and loyalty to one's country)
Love of and devotion to one's country, generally with positive connotations.
He spoke movingly about duty and patriotism.
He spoke movingly about duty and patriotism.
13
sovereigntynounformal
sovereignty (a nation's full authority over its own affairs)
A state's supreme authority to govern itself without outside interference.
The treaty was seen as a threat to national sovereignty.
The treaty was seen as a threat to national sovereignty.
14
autonomynounformal
autonomy (self-government for a region or group)
The right of a region or group to govern its own affairs to some degree.
The region was granted greater autonomy after years of protest.
The region was granted greater autonomy after years of protest.
15
devolutionnounformaltechnical
devolution (handing power down from central to regional government)
The transfer of powers from central government to regional or local bodies.
Devolution gave Scotland its own parliament.
Devolution gave Scotland its own parliament.
16
accountabilitynounformalneutral
accountability (being answerable for one's actions in office)
The obligation of those in power to answer for their actions and decisions.
Voters are demanding greater accountability from their leaders.
Voters are demanding greater accountability from their leaders.
17
transparencynounformalneutral
transparency (openness about government decisions and dealings)
Openness in government, so decisions and dealings can be scrutinised.
The new rules are meant to improve transparency in public spending.
The new rules are meant to improve transparency in public spending.
18
bureaucracynounneutral
bureaucracy (an administrative system, often slow and rule-bound)
A complex system of administration with many officials and procedures.
The reforms were buried under layers of bureaucracy.
The reforms were buried under layers of bureaucracy.
19
red tapeidiominformal
red tape (excessive bureaucratic rules and procedures)
Excessive, frustrating official rules and paperwork that slow things down.
Small businesses are drowning in red tape.
Small businesses are drowning in red tape.
20
civil servantexpressionneutral
civil servant (a non-elected government department employee)
A professional employee of a government department, not an elected politician.
Senior civil servants advise ministers on policy.
Senior civil servants advise ministers on policy.
21
civil societyexpressionformal
civil society (independent citizen organisations between state and family)
The sphere of citizens' groups, charities and NGOs independent of the state.
A strong civil society is essential to a healthy democracy.
A strong civil society is essential to a healthy democracy.
22
cabinetnounneutral
cabinet (the senior ministers who decide government policy)
The group of senior ministers who form the executive policy-making body.
The proposal was discussed at this morning's cabinet meeting.
The proposal was discussed at this morning's cabinet meeting.
23
manifestonounneutral
manifesto (a party's published policy programme for an election)
A published statement of a party's policies and intentions before an election.
The pledge was a central part of their election manifesto.
The pledge was a central part of their election manifesto.
24
pledgenounneutral
pledge (a formal political promise)
A solemn public promise, especially one made by a politician or party.
They broke their pledge not to raise taxes.
They broke their pledge not to raise taxes.
25
vetonounformaltechnical
veto (the power to block a law or decision)
The constitutional right to reject a decision or proposed law.
The president used his veto to block the bill.
The president used his veto to block the bill.
26
to ratifyverbformaltechnical
to ratify (to formally approve a treaty or agreement)
To give formal approval to a treaty or agreement to make it official.
Parliament has yet to ratify the trade agreement.
Parliament has yet to ratify the trade agreement.
27
to repealverbformaltechnical
to repeal (to officially abolish a law)
To officially revoke or cancel an existing law.
Campaigners fought for years to repeal the ban.
Campaigners fought for years to repeal the ban.
28
amendmentnounformaltechnical
amendment (a formal change to a law or constitution)
A formal change or addition proposed to a law or constitution.
The opposition tabled an amendment to soften the bill.
The opposition tabled an amendment to soften the bill.
29
to enactverbformaltechnical
to enact (to make a bill into law)
To make a proposal into law through the formal legislative process.
The legislation was finally enacted last spring.
The legislation was finally enacted last spring.
30
censorshipnounneutral
censorship (official suppression of speech or media)
The suppression or control of speech, press or other communication.
State censorship of the press intensified after the protests.
State censorship of the press intensified after the protests.
31
dissidentnounformalneutral
dissident (someone who publicly opposes a repressive regime)
A person who openly opposes an authoritarian government, often at personal risk.
The dissident was jailed for criticising the regime.
The dissident was jailed for criticising the regime.
32
oppressionnounformalneutral
oppression (harsh, unjust use of power over people)
Prolonged cruel or unjust treatment of people by those in power.
The movement was born out of decades of oppression.
The movement was born out of decades of oppression.
33
tyrannynounformalliterary
tyranny (cruel, absolute and oppressive rule)
Cruel and oppressive government or rule by an absolute ruler.
The revolution was a revolt against centuries of tyranny.
The revolution was a revolt against centuries of tyranny.
34
authoritarianadjectiveneutral
authoritarian (enforcing strict obedience, suppressing freedom)
Favouring strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.
The country slid steadily towards authoritarian rule.
The country slid steadily towards authoritarian rule.
35
totalitarianadjectiveformal
totalitarian (involving total state control over all of life)
Relating to a system that demands total state control over public and private life.
The novel depicts a bleak totalitarian state.
The novel depicts a bleak totalitarian state.
36
coupnounneutral
coup (a sudden illegal overthrow of a government)
A sudden, often violent, illegal seizure of power from a government.
The president was ousted in a military coup.
The president was ousted in a military coup.
37
uprisingnounneutral
uprising (a popular revolt against those in power)
A popular revolt against an authority or government.
The uprising began with peaceful demonstrations.
The uprising began with peaceful demonstrations.
38
revolutionnounneutral
revolution (a sweeping overthrow of a political/social system)
A fundamental, often forcible, overthrow of a government or social order.
The revolution swept away the old monarchy.
The revolution swept away the old monarchy.
39
radicaladjectiveneutral
radical (favouring far-reaching, fundamental change)
Advocating thorough or extreme political and social change.
They are calling for radical reform of the whole system.
They are calling for radical reform of the whole system.
40
moderatenounneutral
moderate (a person holding centrist, non-extreme views)
A person whose political views are reasonable and not extreme.
The party's moderates were uneasy about the new direction.
The party's moderates were uneasy about the new direction.
41
centristadjectiveneutral
centrist (politically in the middle ground)
Holding moderate political views, avoiding the extremes of left and right.
She ran on a broadly centrist platform.
She ran on a broadly centrist platform.
42
austeritynounneutral
austerity (severe cuts in public spending as policy)
Government policy of sharp cuts in public spending to reduce debt.
A decade of austerity left public services stretched thin.
A decade of austerity left public services stretched thin.
43
subsidynounneutral
subsidy (government financial support to an industry or sector)
Money paid by the government to support an industry or keep prices low.
Farmers rely heavily on government subsidies.
Farmers rely heavily on government subsidies.
44
inequalitynounneutral
inequality (unequal distribution of wealth or opportunity)
The unequal distribution of wealth, income or opportunity in society.
The gap between rich and poor highlights deepening inequality.
The gap between rich and poor highlights deepening inequality.
45
social mobilityexpressionformalneutral
social mobility (movement between social and economic classes)
The ability of people to move between social and economic classes.
Education is often seen as the key to social mobility.
Education is often seen as the key to social mobility.
46
the establishmentexpressionneutral
the establishment (the entrenched ruling class and institutions)
The powerful, entrenched institutions and people who hold authority in society.
He styled himself as an outsider taking on the establishment.
He styled himself as an outsider taking on the establishment.
47
the status quoexpressionformalneutral
the status quo (the existing state of political/social affairs)
The existing state of affairs, especially regarding political or social structures.
Powerful interests are determined to preserve the status quo.
Powerful interests are determined to preserve the status quo.
48
asylum seekerexpressionneutral
asylum seeker (someone seeking protection in another country, pending a decision)
A person who has applied for protection in another country but awaits a decision.
Asylum seekers are often housed in temporary accommodation.
Asylum seekers are often housed in temporary accommodation.
49
partisanadjectiveoften pejorative
partisan (one-sidedly loyal to a party; biased)
Strongly and often blindly loyal to one party or faction; biased.
The debate quickly descended into partisan point-scoring.
The debate quickly descended into partisan point-scoring.
50
populismnounneutraloften pejorative
populism (politics that pits 'the people' against the elite)
A political approach appealing to ordinary people against an established elite.
The rise of populism has reshaped European politics.
The rise of populism has reshaped European politics.
51
backbenchernounneutral; British/Commonwealth parliamentary English
backbencher (an ordinary MP without a senior post)
A member of parliament who holds no ministerial or senior position. Note: a British/Commonwealth parliamentary term with no direct equivalent in presidential or non-Westminster systems.
A group of backbenchers threatened to rebel against the leadership.
A group of backbenchers threatened to rebel against the leadership.
52
whipnountechnicalneutral; primarily British/Commonwealth parliamentary usage
whip (an official who enforces party discipline in parliament, and the document used to instruct members how to vote)
A party official responsible for enforcing discipline and securing votes among members; also the written instruction issued to members on how to vote. Primarily British/Commonwealth parliamentary usage.
The whip warned rebels that there would be consequences.
The whip warned rebels that there would be consequences.
53
lobbyistnounneutral
lobbyist (a person who seeks to influence politicians or officials on behalf of an interest group)
A person paid to influence politicians on behalf of an interest group or company.
Industry lobbyists fiercely opposed the new regulations.
Industry lobbyists fiercely opposed the new regulations.
54
to lobbyverbneutral
to lobby (to seek to influence decision-makers in favour of a particular cause)
To try to influence lawmakers or officials in favour of a particular cause.
Campaigners lobbied the government to tighten the law.
Campaigners lobbied the government to tighten the law.
55
grassrootsadjective/nounneutral
grassroots (adj. originating from ordinary local people, not leaders; n. the ordinary people at the local level)
Relating to ordinary people at the local level rather than the leadership; also the ordinary people themselves at that level.
The campaign built a powerful grassroots movement.
The campaign built a powerful grassroots movement.
56
punditnounneutralsometimes ironic
pundit (a media political commentator)
A commentator who offers opinions on politics, often in the media.
Political pundits had completely failed to predict the result.
Political pundits had completely failed to predict the result.
57
spinnouninformaloften pejorative
spin (biased presentation of information to shape opinion)
The favourable slant put on information to manage public perception.
The government put a positive spin on the grim figures.
The government put a positive spin on the grim figures.
58
rhetoricnounformal; often pejorative in political contexts
rhetoric (1) the art of effective persuasion; (2) language that sounds impressive but may lack substance
Persuasive or impressive language, often implying it lacks substance.
His speech was full of fiery rhetoric but few concrete plans.
His speech was full of fiery rhetoric but few concrete plans.
59
statesmannounformal
statesman (a distinguished, respected political leader)
A respected, experienced political leader admired for wisdom and integrity. Note: the female equivalent is stateswoman; statesperson is also used for gender-neutrality.
In his later years he was widely regarded as an elder statesman.
In his later years he was widely regarded as an elder statesman.
60
nationalismnounneutralsometimes pejorative
nationalism (devotion to one's nation, often exclusionary)
Strong identification with one's nation, often above other nations' interests.
A wave of nationalism swept across the region.
A wave of nationalism swept across the region.
61
to impeachverbformaltechnical
to impeach (to formally charge a public official with serious misconduct, initiating a process that may lead to removal from office)
To formally charge a public official with serious misconduct in office.
Congress voted to impeach the president.
Congress voted to impeach the president.
62
propagandanounpejorative
propaganda (biased information used to promote a cause)
Biased information spread to promote a political cause or point of view.
State television pumps out propaganda day and night.
State television pumps out propaganda day and night.
63
militantadjective/nounneutral
militant (aggressively active in support of a cause)
Aggressively active in pursuing a political or social cause; also a person who uses such aggressive, often violent, methods.
The strike was led by the union's most militant members.
The strike was led by the union's most militant members.
64
extremismnounneutral
extremism (advocacy of, or willingness to use, radical or violent methods in pursuit of a political or religious cause)
Holding or advocating extreme political or religious views.
The government launched a programme to counter extremism.
The government launched a programme to counter extremism.
65
privatisationnounneutral
privatisation (selling off state assets to private owners)
The transfer of a state-owned business or service into private ownership.
The privatisation of the railways remains deeply controversial.
The privatisation of the railways remains deeply controversial.
66
marginalisedadjectiveformalneutral
marginalised (excluded from power and the mainstream of society)
Pushed to the edges of society and denied power or influence.
The policy fails the most marginalised communities.
The policy fails the most marginalised communities.
67
polarisationnounformalneutral
polarisation (the splitting of opinion into two opposing camps)
The division of opinion into two sharply opposing political extremes.
Social media has accelerated political polarisation.
Social media has accelerated political polarisation.
68
xenophobianounformalpejorative
xenophobia (fear or hatred of foreigners)
Intense dislike or fear of people from other countries.
The campaign was accused of stirring up xenophobia.
The campaign was accused of stirring up xenophobia.
69
privatizationnounneutralAmerican English
privatization (American English; British: privatisation)
American English spelling of the word meaning the selling off of state assets to private owners.
The privatization of the railways remains deeply controversial among voters.
The privatization of the railways remains deeply controversial among voters.
70
marginalizedadjectiveneutralAmerican English
marginalized (American English; British: marginalised)
American English spelling of the word meaning excluded from power and the mainstream of society.
The new policy is meant to give marginalized communities a stronger political voice.
The new policy is meant to give marginalized communities a stronger political voice.
71
polarizationnounneutralAmerican English
polarization (American English; British: polarisation)
American English spelling of the word meaning the splitting of opinion into two opposing camps.
Political polarization has made bipartisan compromise increasingly rare.
Political polarization has made bipartisan compromise increasingly rare.