c1単語パック

法律と司法

犯罪や裁判、警察や刑罰にまつわる基本用語。

71 語

英語の語彙

定義の言語：

日本語の定義はまだありません

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71 語

定義の言語：: 日本語

1
plaintiffnounformaltechnical
plaintiff (person bringing a civil claim to court)
Used in civil law for the party who initiates a lawsuit.
The plaintiff is seeking damages of over two million dollars.
The plaintiff is seeking damages of over two million dollars.
2
prosecutornounformaltechnical
prosecutor (lawyer who argues the case against the accused)
The lawyer who conducts the case against a defendant on behalf of the state.
The prosecutor told the jury that the evidence was overwhelming.
The prosecutor told the jury that the evidence was overwhelming.
3
attorneynounformaltechnicalAmerican English
attorney (lawyer, especially in US usage)
Chiefly American English term for a qualified lawyer.
You have the right to an attorney; if you cannot afford one, the court will appoint one.
You have the right to an attorney; if you cannot afford one, the court will appoint one.
4
barristernounformaltechnical
barrister (UK lawyer who pleads cases in court)
In the UK system, a lawyer qualified to argue cases in higher courts.
She hired a leading barrister to represent her at the Crown Court.
She hired a leading barrister to represent her at the Crown Court.
5
solicitornounformaltechnical
solicitor (UK lawyer who handles legal matters out of court)
In the UK, a lawyer who advises clients and prepares cases, usually outside court.
Before signing anything, you should really speak to a solicitor.
Before signing anything, you should really speak to a solicitor.
6
magistratenounformaltechnical
magistrate (official who judges minor or preliminary cases)
A judicial officer who hears minor cases in a lower court.
The case was heard by a magistrate before being referred to a higher court.
The case was heard by a magistrate before being referred to a higher court.
7
indictverbformaltechnical
to indict (formally accuse of a serious crime)
To formally charge someone with a serious crime, typically by a grand jury.
A grand jury voted to indict him on three counts of fraud.
A grand jury voted to indict him on three counts of fraud.
8
indictmentnounformaltechnical
indictment (formal charge of a serious offence)
A formal written charge accusing someone of a serious crime.
The indictment runs to over forty pages and lists dozens of charges.
The indictment runs to over forty pages and lists dozens of charges.
9
allegeverbformal
to allege (assert wrongdoing without proof yet)
To claim something is true without yet having proven it, especially of wrongdoing.
Prosecutors allege that he diverted company funds into a private account.
Prosecutors allege that he diverted company funds into a private account.
10
allegationnounformalneutral
allegation (unproven claim of wrongdoing)
An unproven claim that someone has done something illegal or wrong.
The company has firmly denied all the allegations against it.
The company has firmly denied all the allegations against it.
11
perjurynounformaltechnical
perjury (the crime of lying under oath)
The crime of lying under oath in a legal proceeding.
If you lie on the stand, you can be charged with perjury.
If you lie on the stand, you can be charged with perjury.
12
testimonynounformal
testimony (sworn statement given as evidence)
A formal statement given under oath, usually in court.
Her testimony contradicted everything the defendant had claimed.
Her testimony contradicted everything the defendant had claimed.
13
cross-examineverbformaltechnical
to cross-examine (question the other side's witness)
To question a witness called by the opposing side in order to test their evidence.
The defense lawyer cross-examined the witness for nearly three hours.
The defense lawyer cross-examined the witness for nearly three hours.
14
subpoenanounformaltechnical
subpoena (legal order compelling testimony or evidence)
A legal order requiring someone to appear in court or produce documents.
She was served with a subpoena to testify before the committee.
She was served with a subpoena to testify before the committee.
15
warrantnounformaltechnical
warrant (official authorization to arrest or search)
A legal document authorizing police to make an arrest or conduct a search.
Officers couldn't enter the building without a search warrant.
Officers couldn't enter the building without a search warrant.
16
detainverbformal
to detain (hold someone in official custody)
To hold someone in official custody, often before charges are filed.
Police can detain a suspect for up to 24 hours without charge.
Police can detain a suspect for up to 24 hours without charge.
17
remandverbformaltechnical
to remand (hold an accused person in custody before trial)
To send an accused person back into custody to await trial.
The judge remanded him in custody until the trial date.
The judge remanded him in custody until the trial date.
18
probationnounformaltechnical
probation (supervised release as an alternative to prison)
A period during which an offender is supervised instead of being imprisoned.
He was given two years' probation rather than a custodial sentence.
He was given two years' probation rather than a custodial sentence.
19
acquittalnounformaltechnical
acquittal (a verdict of not guilty)
A court's formal decision that a defendant is not guilty.
The acquittal came as a shock to everyone in the courtroom.
The acquittal came as a shock to everyone in the courtroom.
20
convictionnounformaltechnical
conviction (a formal finding of guilt)
A formal court finding that someone is guilty of a crime.
The conviction was later quashed on appeal.
The conviction was later quashed on appeal.
21
felonynounformaltechnical
felony (a serious crime, US legal category)
In US law, a serious crime carrying a substantial penalty.
Armed robbery is a felony that can carry a lengthy prison term.
Armed robbery is a felony that can carry a lengthy prison term.
22
misdemeanournounformaltechnical
misdemeanour (a minor criminal offence)
A minor offence less serious than a felony; US spelling 'misdemeanor'.
He was charged with a misdemeanour and let off with a small fine.
He was charged with a misdemeanour and let off with a small fine.
23
manslaughternounformaltechnical
manslaughter (unlawful killing without intent to murder)
Unlawful killing without the premeditation required for murder.
The jury found him guilty of manslaughter rather than murder.
The jury found him guilty of manslaughter rather than murder.
24
homicidenounformaltechnical
homicide (the killing of a person; the crime category)
The killing of one person by another; also a police department term.
Detectives from the homicide unit were called to the scene.
Detectives from the homicide unit were called to the scene.
25
embezzlementnounformaltechnical
embezzlement (theft of funds entrusted to you)
The crime of stealing money that has been entrusted to one's care.
The accountant was jailed for embezzlement after siphoning off company funds.
The accountant was jailed for embezzlement after siphoning off company funds.
26
forgerynounformaltechnical
forgery (the crime of faking documents or signatures)
The crime of producing a fake copy of a document, signature, or artwork.
The signature on the will turned out to be a forgery.
The signature on the will turned out to be a forgery.
27
extortionnounformaltechnical
extortion (obtaining money or favours by threats)
Obtaining money or favours through threats or coercion.
The gang demanded protection money in a classic case of extortion.
The gang demanded protection money in a classic case of extortion.
28
arsonnounformaltechnical
arson (the crime of deliberately starting a fire)
The crime of deliberately setting fire to property.
Investigators suspect arson because traces of petrol were found.
Investigators suspect arson because traces of petrol were found.
29
shopliftingnounneutral
shoplifting (stealing goods from a store)
The crime of stealing goods from a shop while pretending to be a customer.
Stores are installing more cameras to combat shoplifting.
Stores are installing more cameras to combat shoplifting.
30
traffickingnounformaltechnical
trafficking (illegal trade in people, drugs, or goods)
The illegal trade in people, drugs, weapons, or other goods.
He was arrested on suspicion of drug trafficking.
He was arrested on suspicion of drug trafficking.
31
perpetratornounformal
perpetrator (the person who commits a crime)
The person who actually commits a crime or harmful act.
Police are still searching for the perpetrators of the attack.
Police are still searching for the perpetrators of the attack.
32
accomplicenounneutral
accomplice (a person who helps commit a crime)
A person who helps another commit a crime.
He insisted he was an innocent bystander, not an accomplice.
He insisted he was an innocent bystander, not an accomplice.
33
culpritnounneutral
culprit (the person responsible for a wrongdoing)
The person responsible for a crime or wrongdoing; often used loosely.
The police are confident they've identified the culprit.
The police are confident they've identified the culprit.
34
incriminateverbformal
to incriminate (make someone appear guilty)
To make someone appear guilty of a crime.
You have the right to remain silent so as not to incriminate yourself.
You have the right to remain silent so as not to incriminate yourself.
35
exonerateverbformal
to exonerate (officially clear of blame or guilt)
To officially clear someone of blame or of a criminal charge.
New DNA evidence finally exonerated the wrongly convicted man.
New DNA evidence finally exonerated the wrongly convicted man.
36
litigationnounformaltechnical
litigation (the process of resolving disputes in court)
The process of taking legal action through the courts, especially in civil disputes.
The dispute dragged on through years of costly litigation.
The dispute dragged on through years of costly litigation.
37
lawsuitnounneutral
lawsuit (a civil legal claim brought to court)
A claim or dispute brought before a civil court.
She filed a lawsuit against her former employer for unfair dismissal.
She filed a lawsuit against her former employer for unfair dismissal.
38
settlementnounformalneutral
settlement (an agreement resolving a legal dispute)
An agreement that resolves a legal dispute, usually without a full trial.
The two sides reached an out-of-court settlement worth millions.
The two sides reached an out-of-court settlement worth millions.
39
damagesnounformaltechnical
damages (money awarded as legal compensation)
Money awarded by a court to compensate for loss or injury.
The court awarded her substantial damages for the injury.
The court awarded her substantial damages for the injury.
40
liableadjectiveformaltechnical
liable (legally responsible for something)
Legally responsible for something, especially a debt or wrongdoing.
The company was held liable for the damage caused by the leak.
The company was held liable for the damage caused by the leak.
41
defamationnounformaltechnical
defamation (harming a reputation with false claims)
The act of damaging someone's reputation with false statements.
He sued the newspaper for defamation over the front-page story.
He sued the newspaper for defamation over the front-page story.
42
libelnounformaltechnical
libel (written or published defamation)
Defamation in a permanent form, especially in writing or print.
The article was found to be libel and the paper had to print an apology.
The article was found to be libel and the paper had to print an apology.
43
hearingnounformaltechnical
hearing (a formal session before a court or tribunal)
A session before a court or official body to consider evidence or arguments.
The bail hearing has been scheduled for Monday morning.
The bail hearing has been scheduled for Monday morning.
44
tribunalnounformaltechnical
tribunal (a specialized court or judicial panel)
A specialized body or court set up to settle certain types of dispute.
She took her case to an employment tribunal.
She took her case to an employment tribunal.
45
jurisdictionnounformaltechnical
jurisdiction (legal authority or its geographical scope)
The official authority of a court or body to make legal decisions, or the area it covers.
The case falls outside the court's jurisdiction.
The case falls outside the court's jurisdiction.
46
statutenounformaltechnical
statute (a formal written law)
A written law passed by a legislative body.
The practice is expressly forbidden under the new statute.
The practice is expressly forbidden under the new statute.
47
precedentnounformaltechnical
precedent (an earlier ruling that guides later cases)
An earlier court decision used as a guide in later similar cases.
The ruling sets a dangerous precedent for future cases.
The ruling sets a dangerous precedent for future cases.
48
breachnounformaltechnical
breach (a violation of a law, contract, or duty)
A violation of a law, contract, or duty.
Sharing the data was a clear breach of the contract.
Sharing the data was a clear breach of the contract.
49
enforceverbformalneutral
to enforce (compel obedience to a law or rule)
To make sure that a law or rule is obeyed.
It's one thing to pass a law and quite another to enforce it.
It's one thing to pass a law and quite another to enforce it.
50
inmatenounneutral
inmate (a person held in prison)
A person confined in a prison.
The prison houses over a thousand inmates.
The prison houses over a thousand inmates.
51
fugitivenounneutral
fugitive (a person fleeing from the law)
A person who is running away or hiding, especially from the law.
He lived as a fugitive for nearly a decade before being caught.
He lived as a fugitive for nearly a decade before being caught.
52
apprehendverbformaltechnical
to apprehend (catch and arrest a suspect)
To catch and arrest a suspect; formal police usage.
The suspect was apprehended less than a mile from the scene.
The suspect was apprehended less than a mile from the scene.
53
surveillancenounformaltechnical
surveillance (close monitoring of a suspect or place)
Close observation of a person or place, especially by police.
The house had been under police surveillance for weeks.
The house had been under police surveillance for weeks.
54
behind barsidiominformal
behind bars (in prison, incarcerated)
In prison; a vivid way of saying someone is incarcerated.
He'll be behind bars for at least the next ten years.
He'll be behind bars for at least the next ten years.
55
miscarriage of justiceexpressionformal
miscarriage of justice (a wrongful or unjust legal outcome)
A failure of the justice system, especially the wrongful conviction of an innocent person.
His conviction was later recognised as a serious miscarriage of justice.
His conviction was later recognised as a serious miscarriage of justice.
56
beyond reasonable doubtexpressionformaltechnical
beyond reasonable doubt (the high standard of proof for a conviction)
The standard of proof required to convict someone in a criminal trial.
The prosecution must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
The prosecution must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt.
57
restraining orderexpressionformaltechnical
restraining order (court order to keep someone away)
A court order forbidding someone from approaching or contacting another person.
She took out a restraining order against her former partner.
She took out a restraining order against her former partner.
58
capital punishmentexpressionformal
capital punishment (the death penalty)
The legal punishment of execution for a serious crime.
Many countries have abolished capital punishment altogether.
Many countries have abolished capital punishment altogether.
59
life sentenceexpressionneutraltechnical
life sentence (imprisonment for life or a very long term)
A prison sentence intended to last for the rest of the offender's life, or a very long term.
He was handed a life sentence with no possibility of parole for twenty years.
He was handed a life sentence with no possibility of parole for twenty years.
60
custodynounformaltechnical
custody (detention by police, or legal guardianship of a child)
The state of being held by police, or legal guardianship of a child.
The suspect is currently in police custody awaiting questioning.
The suspect is currently in police custody awaiting questioning.
61
blackmailnounneutralformal/technical
blackmail (extortion using threats to expose secrets)
Demanding money or favours under threat of revealing damaging information.
She refused to give in to blackmail and went straight to the police.
She refused to give in to blackmail and went straight to the police.
62
vandalismnounneutraltechnical
vandalism (deliberate damage to property)
The deliberate destruction or defacement of property.
The park has been plagued by vandalism for months.
The park has been plagued by vandalism for months.
63
offendernounformaltechnical
offender (a person who has committed a criminal offence)
A person who has committed a crime.
The scheme is designed to help young offenders turn their lives around.
The scheme is designed to help young offenders turn their lives around.
64
negligencenounformaltechnical
negligence (failure to take legally required care)
Failure to take reasonable care, resulting in harm to another.
The hospital was found liable for negligence in her treatment.
The hospital was found liable for negligence in her treatment.
65
caught red-handedidiominformal
caught red-handed (caught in the act of wrongdoing)
Caught in the act of doing something wrong, with no room for denial.
The thief was caught red-handed with the jewellery in his pocket.
The thief was caught red-handed with the jewellery in his pocket.
66
get away withphrasal verbinformal
to get away with (escape punishment for wrongdoing)
To escape punishment or blame for something wrong.
He thought he could get away with fraud, but the auditors caught him.
He thought he could get away with fraud, but the auditors caught him.
67
crack downphrasal verbneutralformal
to crack down (take tough action against wrongdoing)
To take strong, decisive action against an illegal activity.
The government has promised to crack down on organised crime.
The government has promised to crack down on organised crime.
68
take the law into your own handsidiomneutral
to take the law into your own hands (administer justice yourself, illegally)
To act as judge and enforcer yourself instead of relying on the authorities.
Frustrated by police inaction, some residents began to take the law into their own hands.
Frustrated by police inaction, some residents began to take the law into their own hands.
69
claimantnounneutralBritish English
claimant (British English; American: plaintiff)
British English word for the person who brings a civil claim to court; replaced 'plaintiff' in England and Wales in 1999.
The claimant is seeking damages for breach of contract.
The person bringing the civil claim is seeking damages for breach of contract.
70
misdemeanornounneutralAmerican English
misdemeanor (American English; British: misdemeanour)
American English spelling for a minor criminal offence.
He was charged with a misdemeanor rather than a felony.
He was charged with a minor offence rather than a serious one.
71
beyond a reasonable doubtphraseneutralAmerican English
beyond a reasonable doubt (American English; British: beyond reasonable doubt)
American English wording for the high standard of proof required for a criminal conviction.
The jury must be convinced of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
The jury must be certain of guilt to the highest legal standard.