c2単語パック

法律と司法

犯罪や裁判、警察や刑罰にまつわる基本用語。

65 語

英語の語彙

定義の言語：

日本語の定義はまだありません

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65 語

定義の言語：: 日本語

1
mens reanountechnicalformal
guilty mind (the criminal intent required to convict)
Latin legal term for the mental element of a crime — the guilty intention
Without proving mens rea, the prosecution cannot establish that it was murder rather than an accident.
Without proving the guilty intent, the prosecution cannot establish that it was murder rather than an accident.
2
actus reusnountechnicalformal
guilty act (the physical element of an offence)
Latin legal term for the physical act or conduct constituting a crime
The actus reus was never in dispute; everyone agreed he pulled the trigger.
The physical act was never in dispute; everyone agreed he pulled the trigger.
3
affidavitnountechnicalformal
affidavit (a sworn written statement)
A written statement confirmed by oath, used as evidence
She signed an affidavit swearing she had never met the defendant.
She signed an affidavit swearing she had never met the defendant.
4
depositionnountechnicalformal
deposition (sworn pre-trial testimony taken out of court)
Sworn out-of-court testimony recorded before trial, common in US litigation
During his deposition, the executive contradicted three of his earlier emails.
During his deposition, the executive contradicted three of his earlier emails.
5
arraignverbtechnicalformal
to arraign (formally read charges to an accused in court)
To formally bring an accused before a court to hear the charges and enter a plea
He was arraigned on three counts of fraud and pleaded not guilty to all of them.
He was arraigned on three counts of fraud and pleaded not guilty to all of them.
6
plea bargainnounneutral
plea bargain (a deal to plead guilty for leniency)
An agreement where the accused pleads guilty in exchange for a lighter charge or sentence
Rather than risk a trial, she accepted a plea bargain and got two years instead of ten.
Rather than risk a trial, she accepted a plea bargain and got two years instead of ten.
7
contempt of courtexpressiontechnicalformal
contempt of court (disobeying or disrespecting the court's authority)
Conduct that defies or disrespects the authority of a court
The journalist was held in contempt of court for refusing to name her source.
The journalist was held in contempt of court for refusing to name her source.
8
mitigating circumstancesexpressionformal
mitigating circumstances (factors that reduce culpability or sentence)
Factors that lessen the moral or legal blame and may reduce a sentence
The judge cited his age and his cooperation as mitigating circumstances.
The judge cited his age and his cooperation as mitigating circumstances.
9
aggravatingadjectiveformaltechnical
aggravating (making an offence more serious)
Describing factors that make an offence more serious and worthy of harsher punishment
The fact that he targeted an elderly victim was treated as an aggravating factor.
The fact that he targeted an elderly victim was treated as an aggravating factor.
10
duressnounformal
duress (coercion through threats, sometimes a defence)
Unlawful pressure or threats used to force someone to act; can be a legal defence
She claimed she had signed the confession under duress.
She claimed she had signed the confession under duress.
11
coercionnounformal
coercion (forcing compliance through threats or pressure)
The practice of compelling someone to act by force or intimidation
The contract was void because it had been obtained through coercion.
The contract was void because it had been obtained through coercion.
12
entrapmentnountechnicalformal
entrapment (police luring someone into a crime)
The act of inducing someone to commit a crime they would not otherwise have committed, by law enforcement
His lawyer argued entrapment, claiming the undercover officer had practically begged him to sell the drugs.
His lawyer argued entrapment, claiming the undercover officer had practically begged him to sell the drugs.
13
slandernounformaltechnical
slander (spoken defamation)
Spoken defamation that damages a person's reputation
He sued his former partner for slander after the remarks at the conference.
He sued his former partner for slander after the remarks at the conference.
14
larcenynountechnicalformal
larceny (the crime of theft, formal/legal term)
The unlawful taking of another's property; a formal, chiefly US term for theft
He was charged with grand larceny after stealing the car.
He was charged with grand larceny after stealing the car.
15
racketeeringnountechnical
racketeering (running organised illegal enterprises)
Operating an illegal business or extortion scheme, often linked to organised crime
The indictment charged the family with racketeering and money laundering.
The indictment charged the family with racketeering and money laundering.
16
conspiracynounneutraltechnical
conspiracy (a criminal agreement to commit an offence)
An agreement between two or more people to commit an unlawful act
They were convicted of conspiracy to commit fraud, even though the scheme never paid out.
They were convicted of conspiracy to commit fraud, even though the scheme never paid out.
17
collusionnounformal
collusion (secret illegal cooperation to deceive)
Secret cooperation in order to deceive others or commit fraud
Investigators found clear evidence of collusion between the two firms to rig the bids.
Investigators found clear evidence of collusion between the two firms to rig the bids.
18
accessorynountechnicalformal
accessory (one who aids a crime without committing it directly)
A person who assists the perpetrator before or after the crime without being the principal offender
She was charged as an accessory after the fact for helping him hide the weapon.
She was charged as an accessory after the fact for helping him hide the weapon.
19
aid and abetexpressiontechnicalformal
to aid and abet (assist and encourage a crime)
To help and encourage someone in the commission of a crime
He was convicted of aiding and abetting the robbery by driving the getaway car.
He was convicted of aiding and abetting the robbery by driving the getaway car.
20
exculpatoryadjectivetechnicalformal
exculpatory (tending to prove innocence)
Tending to clear someone of blame or guilt, especially of evidence
The prosecution was accused of withholding exculpatory evidence from the defence.
The prosecution was accused of withholding exculpatory evidence from the defence.
21
tortnountechnical
tort (a civil wrong giving rise to liability)
A civil wrong, other than breach of contract, for which the law provides a remedy
Negligence is the most common tort brought before the civil courts.
Negligence is the most common tort brought before the civil courts.
22
injunctionnountechnicalformal
injunction (a court order to act or stop acting)
A court order requiring a party to do or refrain from doing something
The company obtained an injunction to stop the newspaper publishing the article.
The company obtained an injunction to stop the newspaper publishing the article.
23
summonsnounformaltechnical
summons (an order to appear in court)
An official order to appear before a court
He ignored the summons and a warrant was issued for his arrest.
He ignored the summons and a warrant was issued for his arrest.
24
quashverbformaltechnical
to quash (to annul or overturn a legal decision)
To officially reject or annul a conviction, verdict, or legal decision
The appeal court quashed his conviction after the new evidence emerged.
The appeal court quashed his conviction after the new evidence emerged.
25
overturnverbneutral
to overturn (to reverse a ruling or verdict)
To reverse a previous decision or verdict, especially on appeal
The higher court overturned the original ruling and ordered a retrial.
The higher court overturned the original ruling and ordered a retrial.
26
appellantnountechnicalformal
appellant (the party bringing an appeal)
The party who appeals a court's decision to a higher court
The appellant argued that the trial judge had misdirected the jury.
The appellant argued that the trial judge had misdirected the jury.
27
adjudicateverbformaltechnical
to adjudicate (to make an official judicial decision on a dispute)
To make a formal judgment on a disputed matter
An independent panel was appointed to adjudicate the dispute.
An independent panel was appointed to adjudicate the dispute.
28
arbitrationnounformaltechnical
arbitration (binding dispute resolution outside court)
The settling of a dispute by an impartial third party outside the courts
The contract requires both parties to go to arbitration before suing.
The contract requires both parties to go to arbitration before suing.
29
mediationnounneutraltechnical
mediation (assisted negotiation toward a voluntary settlement)
A process in which a neutral third party helps disputing sides reach a voluntary agreement
The couple opted for mediation rather than a contested divorce.
The couple opted for mediation rather than a contested divorce.
30
malfeasancenounformaltechnical
malfeasance (illegal misconduct, esp. by an official)
Wrongdoing or misconduct, especially by a public official
The inquiry uncovered widespread malfeasance at the highest levels of the agency.
The inquiry uncovered widespread malfeasance at the highest levels of the agency.
31
recidivismnountechnicalformal
recidivism (the tendency to relapse into crime)
The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend
Rehabilitation programmes are designed to reduce recidivism among young offenders.
Rehabilitation programmes are designed to reduce recidivism among young offenders.
32
incarcerateverbformal
to incarcerate (to imprison)
To imprison or confine someone, especially as a legal punishment
Thousands are incarcerated each year for non-violent offences.
Thousands are incarcerated each year for non-violent offences.
33
clemencynounformal
clemency (official mercy reducing a punishment)
Mercy or leniency shown to an offender, especially by reducing a sentence
His family appealed to the governor for clemency hours before the execution.
His family appealed to the governor for clemency hours before the execution.
34
pardonnounformal
pardon (official forgiveness cancelling a conviction's penalty)
An official act forgiving a crime and cancelling the penalty
The president granted him a full pardon on his last day in office.
The president granted him a full pardon on his last day in office.
35
reprievenounformal
reprieve (a delay or cancellation of punishment)
A formal postponement or cancellation of a punishment, especially of execution
The condemned man was granted a last-minute reprieve.
The condemned man was granted a last-minute reprieve.
36
commuteverbformaltechnical
to commute (to reduce a sentence to a lesser one)
To reduce a judicial sentence to a less severe one
His death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.
His death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.
37
restitutionnounformaltechnical
restitution (compensation paid to restore a victim's loss)
The restoration of, or compensation for, what was lost or taken; payment to a victim
The court ordered him to pay restitution to the families he had defrauded.
The court ordered him to pay restitution to the families he had defrauded.
38
impunitynounformal
impunity (freedom from punishment)
Exemption from punishment or the consequences of one's actions
For years the cartel operated with complete impunity.
For years the cartel operated with complete impunity.
39
jurisprudencenountechnicalformal
jurisprudence (legal theory, or an established body of case law)
The theory or philosophy of law, or a body of case law on a subject
This ruling will reshape jurisprudence on privacy for a generation.
This ruling will reshape jurisprudence on privacy for a generation.
40
statute of limitationsexpressiontechnicalformal
statute of limitations (the legal time limit for prosecuting or suing)
A law setting the maximum time after an event within which legal proceedings may be brought
The case was dismissed because the statute of limitations had expired.
The case was dismissed because the statute of limitations had expired.
41
double jeopardyexpressiontechnicalformal
double jeopardy (being tried twice for the same crime)
The legal principle that no one may be tried twice for the same offence
He couldn't be retried for the killing because of double jeopardy.
He couldn't be retried for the killing because of double jeopardy.
42
self-incriminationnountechnicalformal
self-incrimination (saying something that implicates oneself in a crime)
The act of exposing oneself to prosecution by one's own statements
He invoked his right against self-incrimination and refused to answer.
He invoked his right against self-incrimination and refused to answer.
43
presumption of innocenceexpressionformaltechnical
presumption of innocence (the principle that the accused is innocent until proven guilty)
The principle that an accused person is considered innocent until proven guilty
Trial by media erodes the presumption of innocence.
Trial by media erodes the presumption of innocence.
44
burden of proofexpressionformaltechnical
burden of proof (the duty to prove a contested claim)
The obligation to prove one's assertion in a legal proceeding
In a criminal trial, the burden of proof rests with the prosecution.
In a criminal trial, the burden of proof rests with the prosecution.
45
circumstantial evidenceexpressiontechnicalformal
circumstantial evidence (indirect evidence inviting an inference of guilt)
Evidence that implies a fact indirectly rather than proving it directly
The conviction rested entirely on circumstantial evidence, with no eyewitness.
The conviction rested entirely on circumstantial evidence, with no eyewitness.
46
hearsaynountechnicalformal
hearsay (second-hand testimony, usually inadmissible as evidence)
Testimony based on what one heard from others rather than direct knowledge; generally inadmissible
The judge ruled the statement inadmissible as hearsay.
The judge ruled the statement inadmissible as hearsay.
47
corroborateverbformal
to corroborate (to confirm with supporting evidence)
To confirm or give support to a statement or piece of evidence
Two independent witnesses corroborated her account of the night.
Two independent witnesses corroborated her account of the night.
48
recantverbformalliterary
to recant (to formally take back earlier testimony)
To withdraw or formally retract a previous statement or testimony
The key witness recanted her testimony on the second day of the trial.
The key witness recanted her testimony on the second day of the trial.
49
under oathexpressionformal
under oath (legally sworn to tell the truth)
Having sworn to tell the truth in a legal setting
He lied under oath, which is why they later charged him with perjury.
He lied under oath, which is why they later charged him with perjury.
50
pleanountechnicalformal
plea (the accused's formal answer of guilty or not guilty)
A defendant's formal statement of guilt or innocence in response to a charge
He entered a plea of not guilty to all charges.
He entered a plea of not guilty to all charges.
51
counselnounformaltechnical
counsel (the lawyer(s) representing a party in court)
A lawyer or team of lawyers conducting a case in court
Defence counsel rose to object to the question.
Defence counsel rose to object to the question.
52
coronernounneutraltechnical
coroner (official investigating unexplained or suspicious deaths)
An official who investigates deaths that are sudden, violent, or otherwise suspicious
The coroner recorded a verdict of unlawful killing.
The coroner recorded a verdict of unlawful killing.
53
inquestnounformaltechnical
inquest (a formal inquiry into a death)
A judicial inquiry, especially into the cause of a sudden or violent death
The inquest concluded that the crash had been an accident.
The inquest concluded that the crash had been an accident.
54
forensicadjectivetechnical
forensic (relating to scientific crime investigation or the courts)
Relating to the use of scientific methods to investigate crime, or to courts of law
Forensic analysis of the fibres linked him directly to the scene.
Forensic analysis of the fibres linked him directly to the scene.
55
money launderingnounneutraltechnical
money laundering (disguising the criminal origins of money)
The process of concealing the illegal origin of money to make it appear legitimate
The casinos were used as a front for large-scale money laundering.
The casinos were used as a front for large-scale money laundering.
56
abscondverbformal
to abscond (to flee secretly to escape the law or custody)
To leave hurriedly and secretly, especially to escape custody or avoid prosecution
He absconded while out on bail and hasn't been seen since.
He absconded while out on bail and hasn't been seen since.
57
extraditeverbformaltechnical
to extradite (to surrender a suspect to another country for trial)
To hand over a suspect or convict to another jurisdiction where they are wanted
The court ruled that he could be extradited to face fraud charges abroad.
The court ruled that he could be extradited to face fraud charges abroad.
58
obstruction of justiceexpressiontechnicalformal
obstruction of justice (interfering with a legal process or investigation)
The crime of interfering with the administration of the law or an investigation
Shredding the documents led to a charge of obstruction of justice.
Shredding the documents led to a charge of obstruction of justice.
59
whistleblowernounneutral
whistleblower (insider who exposes wrongdoing)
A person who exposes illegal or unethical activity within an organisation
The fraud only came to light because a whistleblower contacted the regulator.
The fraud only came to light because a whistleblower contacted the regulator.
60
mistrialnountechnicalformal
mistrial (a trial invalidated by error or a deadlocked jury)
A trial rendered invalid through error or because the jury cannot agree
The judge declared a mistrial after the jury was found to have read press coverage.
The judge declared a mistrial after the jury was found to have read press coverage.
61
hung juryexpressionneutraltechnical
hung jury (a jury unable to agree on a verdict)
A jury that cannot reach the required agreement on a verdict
After four days of deliberation, the result was a hung jury.
After four days of deliberation, the result was a hung jury.
62
suspended sentenceexpressiontechnicalformal
suspended sentence (a prison term not served unless one reoffends)
A custodial sentence that is not enforced unless the offender commits a further offence
He received a two-year suspended sentence and walked free from court.
He received a two-year suspended sentence and walked free from court.
63
habeas corpusnountechnicalformal
you shall have the body (a writ requiring a court to justify a person's imprisonment)
Legal principle and writ protecting against unlawful detention
His lawyers filed a writ of habeas corpus to force the state to justify his continued detention.
His lawyers filed a writ of habeas corpus to force the state to justify his continued detention.
64
prima facieadjectivetechnicalformal
prima facie (sufficient on first impression, unless rebutted)
Based on first impression; accepted as correct until proven otherwise
The prosecution established a prima facie case, so the trial proceeded.
The prosecution established a prima facie case, so the trial proceeded.
65
bailiffnounneutraltechnical
bailiff ((US) a court officer maintaining order in the courtroom; (UK) an enforcement officer executing court orders such as seizure of goods or eviction)
An officer who maintains order in a courtroom or enforces court orders
The bailiff escorted the jury back into the courtroom.
The bailiff escorted the jury back into the courtroom.