ビジネス・経済

property or assets offered as a guarantee of loan repayment

Used in banking and lending to describe assets pledged as security against a loan.

the ease with which an asset can be converted into cash without significant loss of value

Used in finance to describe how quickly and easily assets can be converted to cash, or the availability of cash in a market.

an intangible asset representing the excess value paid for a company beyond its identifiable net assets

Used in accounting and M&A to describe the intangible value of a company's brand, reputation, and customer relationships, especially the premium paid in acquisitions above net asset value.

to assume financial responsibility for (a venture, securities issue, or insurance policy)

Used in finance and insurance to describe assuming financial risk, especially guaranteeing the sale of a securities issue or assessing insurance risk.

to compensate (someone) for loss or damage; to guarantee protection against legal liability

Used in legal and contractual contexts to describe compensating someone for loss or damage, or protecting them from liability.

a temporary prohibition or suspension of a specified activity (e.g., debt repayment, construction)

Used in business, law, and economics to describe a temporary halt or suspension of an activity, obligation, or law.

the condition of being managed by a court-appointed receiver, usually due to insolvency

Used in business law to describe the state in which a company's affairs are managed by a court-appointed receiver, typically due to financial distress.

the economic policy of restricting imports to protect domestic industries from foreign competition

Used in economics and trade policy to describe the practice of shielding domestic industries from foreign competition through tariffs, quotas, and other barriers.

a monetary policy in which a central bank buys securities to increase the money supply and stimulate the economy

Used in macroeconomics and monetary policy to describe a central bank's purchase of government securities or other assets to inject money into the economy.

an economic condition of simultaneous stagnation, high unemployment, and rising inflation

Used in macroeconomics to describe the unusual combination of economic stagnation, high unemployment, and persistent inflation occurring simultaneously.

the acquisition of a company financed primarily with borrowed funds

Used in corporate finance and M&A to describe the acquisition of a company using a significant proportion of borrowed money, with the target's assets often serving as collateral.

the acquisition of a company against the wishes of its current management and board of directors

Used in corporate finance to describe an acquisition attempt that proceeds despite opposition from the target company's management and board.

a lucrative severance package guaranteed to top executives if they lose their position after a takeover

Used in corporate governance to describe the generous severance provisions guaranteed to senior executives upon dismissal, especially following a change of control.

the added value or efficiency gained when two companies or units combine forces

Used in business strategy and M&A to describe the idea that combined entities produce greater value together than they would separately.

describing projected or estimated financial statements (as opposed to actual reported figures)

Used in accounting and finance to describe projected or hypothetical financial statements that estimate future performance or adjust for non-recurring items.

mutually interchangeable; replaceable by another identical item (of goods, assets, or currencies)

Used in economics, law, and finance to describe goods or assets that are interchangeable – one unit is equivalent to any other unit of the same type.

an association of independent firms that collude to control prices or restrict competition

Used in economics and trade to describe a group of independent producers or companies that collude to fix prices, limit supply, or divide markets.

the criminal act of stealing money or assets that have been entrusted to one's management

Used in business law and corporate governance to describe the fraudulent appropriation of funds or assets entrusted to one's care.

relating to laws that prevent monopolies and promote market competition

Used in law and economics to describe legislation and enforcement aimed at preventing monopolistic practices and promoting fair competition.

the settlement of a dispute by an impartial third party, outside formal court proceedings

Used in business law and dispute resolution to describe a process where a neutral third party resolves a conflict outside the court system.

unforeseeable circumstances (e.g., war, natural disaster) that release a party from contractual obligations

Used in contract law to describe extraordinary, unforeseeable events (natural disasters, wars, pandemics) that excuse a party from fulfilling contractual obligations.

describing a new project or investment built from the ground up, with no pre-existing infrastructure

Used in business and investment to describe a project or investment built from scratch on undeveloped land or in a new market, as opposed to acquiring existing operations.

an unexpectedly large or sudden profit or gain

Used in business and economics to describe an unexpected, unusually large gain or profit, often due to external circumstances rather than deliberate effort.

the strategy of pricing goods below cost to drive competitors out of the market

Used in competition law and economics to describe the practice of setting prices artificially low to eliminate competitors, with the intention of raising them once dominance is achieved.

owned and controlled exclusively by a company; not open or publicly available

Used in business and technology to describe something that is owned and controlled by a particular entity and not freely available to others.

a market dominated by a small number of large sellers

Used in economics to describe a market structure in which a small number of large firms dominate, often leading to limited competition and interdependent pricing.

the state of being able to pay all debts and meet long-term financial obligations

Used in finance and accounting to describe a company's ability to meet its long-term debts and financial obligations.

a friendly acquirer who rescues a company from a hostile takeover bid

Used in M&A to describe a friendly company or investor that acquires a target company to rescue it from a hostile takeover.

describing a company or stock that is well-established, financially sound, and considered a reliable investment

Used in finance and investment to describe established, financially stable, and well-regarded companies or their stocks.

the total value of a company's shares on the stock market (share price × number of shares)

Used in finance to describe the total market value of a publicly traded company's outstanding shares of stock.

to convert (financial assets such as loans or receivables) into tradable securities

Used in finance to describe the process of pooling various types of debt and selling them as tradable securities to investors.

the removal of intermediaries (middlemen) from a supply chain or financial transaction

Used in economics and business strategy to describe the elimination of middlemen from a transaction or supply chain.

a defensive tactic used by a company to make a hostile takeover unattractive or financially unfeasible

Used in corporate finance and governance to describe a defensive strategy that makes a hostile takeover prohibitively expensive or dilutive for the acquirer.

the ratio of a company's borrowed capital to its own equity (primarily British English)

Used primarily in British English to describe the ratio of a company's debt to its equity. The American equivalent is 'leverage ratio.'

relating to a position of trust, especially in managing another's finances or assets; also, a person who holds such a position of trust

Used in legal and financial contexts to describe a relationship of trust and the obligation to act in another's best interest.

to systematically allocate the cost of (an intangible asset) or repay the principal of (a loan) in regular instalments over a fixed period

Used in accounting and finance to describe spreading the cost of an intangible asset or loan repayment over a set period.

the practice of exploiting differences – in price, regulation, or rules – between markets or jurisdictions for profit

Used in financial markets to describe the simultaneous buying and selling of an asset to profit from price discrepancies; also used more broadly to describe exploiting regulatory, legal, or structural differences between jurisdictions.

the disposal or sale of a company's assets, divisions, or subsidiaries

Used in corporate strategy and antitrust law to describe the selling off of a business unit, subsidiary, or assets. Chiefly American English; the British English equivalent is 'divestment.'

a formal document describing a securities offering or fund to prospective investors

Used in securities law and investment to describe the formal document outlining the details of an investment offering for potential investors.

payment or compensation received for work or services, especially at a senior level

Used in formal business and HR contexts to describe total compensation, including salary, bonuses, and benefits. Primarily British English and formal governance discourse; the American English equivalent is 'compensation.'

(accounting) the formal recognition that an asset has lost all or significant value, resulting in a charge to earnings; (tax) a business expense that can be deducted from taxable income

Used in accounting to describe the formal recognition that an asset has lost its value; also used informally to describe something considered a total loss.

an accounting entry that records revenue or an expense in the period it is earned or incurred, before the corresponding cash is received or paid

Used in accounting to describe the method of recording revenue and expenses when they are incurred, regardless of when cash is actually received or paid.

the practice of buying a company cheaply and selling its assets separately for profit

Used pejoratively in corporate finance to describe the practice of acquiring an undervalued company and selling off its assets individually for a profit. Almost always carries a critical or pejorative implication.

the urgent sale of assets at steep discounts, usually due to financial distress

Used in business and finance to describe the rapid sale of assets at heavily discounted prices, typically under financial pressure.

leverage (American English; British: gearing)

American English word for the ratio of a company's borrowed capital to its equity; also the use of debt to amplify returns.

market capitalisation (British English; American: market capitalization)

British English spelling of the total value of a company's shares on the stock market (share price × number of shares).

securitise (British English; American: securitize)

British English spelling of the verb meaning to convert financial assets such as loans into tradable securities.

amortise (British English; American: amortize)

British English spelling of the verb meaning to allocate the cost of an intangible asset or repay a loan's principal in regular instalments over a fixed period.