과학과 연구

to hypothesize (to propose a testable explanation)

Used when a researcher proposes a tentative explanation to be tested.

to replicate (to reproduce a study to confirm results)

Used when repeating a study or experiment to confirm its results.

to validate (to confirm the accuracy or soundness of something)

Used when confirming that a method, model or result is sound.

to quantify (to express or measure as a number)

Used when expressing something as a measurable amount.

to synthesize (to produce a substance, or combine information into a whole)

Used in chemistry for producing a compound, or for combining ideas/findings.

to infer (to deduce a conclusion from evidence)

Used when drawing a conclusion from evidence rather than direct observation.

to correlate (to show a mutual statistical relationship)

Used when two variables show a statistical relationship.

to formulate (to construct or express systematically, e.g. a theory)

Used when carefully constructing a theory, hypothesis or plan.

to postulate (to assume or claim as a basis for argument)

Used when assuming something as a basis for reasoning, often without proof.

to extrapolate (to estimate beyond the known range from existing data)

Used when extending known data to estimate unknown values.

to isolate (to separate one element or variable for study)

Used when separating a single substance, variable or factor for study.

to refute (to disprove with evidence or argument)

Used when proving a claim or theory to be false.

to corroborate (to confirm or support with further evidence)

Used when additional evidence supports an existing finding.

to calibrate (to adjust an instrument for accuracy)

Used when adjusting an instrument to ensure accurate measurement.

methodology (the system of methods used in a study)

Used to refer to the overall system of methods used in research.

paradigm (a dominant model or framework of scientific thought)

Used for a dominant model or framework of thinking in a field.

phenomenon (an observable fact or event under study)

Used for an observable event or fact that can be studied.

correlation (a statistical relationship between variables)

Used for a measured statistical relationship between variables.

causation (a genuine cause-and-effect relationship)

Used for a genuine cause-and-effect relationship, contrasted with correlation.

control group (the baseline comparison group in an experiment)

Used for the untreated group in an experiment used for comparison.

bias (systematic distortion affecting research validity)

Used for systematic error that distorts research results.

anomaly (a deviation from the expected pattern)

Used for a result that deviates from what is expected.

margin of error (the range of possible variation in a result)

Used for the range within which a measured value may vary.

peer review (expert evaluation of research before publication)

Used for evaluation of research by independent experts before publication.

reproducibility (the quality of results being obtainable again)

Used for the ability of a study's results to be obtained again.

empirical (based on observation or experiment, not theory alone)

Used for knowledge based on observation and experiment rather than theory.

mechanism (the underlying process by which something works)

Used for the underlying process by which something works.

magnitude (the size or scale of a measured quantity)

Used for the size or scale of a quantity or effect.

spectrum (a range of wavelengths or values)

Used for a range of light, radiation or values arranged by a property.

enzyme (a protein that catalyses biological reactions)

Used for a protein that catalyses biochemical reactions in living things.

ecosystem (a community of organisms and their environment)

Used for a community of organisms and their physical environment.

mutation (a change in genetic material)

Used for a change in the DNA sequence of an organism.

chromosome (a DNA structure carrying genes)

Used for a thread-like structure of DNA carrying genes.

metabolism (the chemical processes sustaining life)

Used for the chemical processes that sustain life in an organism.

nucleus (the central core of an atom or cell)

Used for the central core of an atom or of a cell.

isotope (a variant of an element differing in neutrons)

Used for atoms of an element with differing numbers of neutrons.

momentum (mass in motion; the product of mass and velocity)

Used in physics for the product of mass and velocity.

density (mass per unit volume)

Used for mass per unit of volume.

radiation (energy emitted as waves or particles)

Used for energy emitted as waves or particles.

wavelength (the distance between wave crests)

Used for the distance between successive crests of a wave.

equilibrium (a state of balance between opposing forces)

Used for a state of balance between opposing forces or processes.

entropy (a measure of disorder in a system)

Used in thermodynamics for the measure of disorder in a system.

genetics (the study of heredity and genes)

Used for the branch of biology dealing with heredity and genes.

astronomy (the study of celestial objects and the universe)

Used for the scientific study of celestial objects and the universe.

ecology (the study of organisms and their environment)

Used for the study of organisms in relation to their environment.

neuroscience (the study of the brain and nervous system)

Used for the scientific study of the nervous system and brain.

quantitative (based on measurable, numerical data)

Used for research based on numerical measurement and data.

qualitative (based on descriptive, non-numerical data)

Used for research based on qualities and descriptions rather than numbers.

robust (strong and reliable under scrutiny, of evidence or methods)

Used for findings or methods that are strong and hold up under scrutiny.

conclusive (decisive, settling a question definitively)

Used for evidence that settles a question beyond doubt.

rigorous (thorough, careful and exacting, of method)

Used for research carried out with great thoroughness and precision.

fundamental (basic and essential, of principles or research)

Used for the most basic and essential principles of a science.

plausible (seemingly reasonable or credible)

Used for an explanation that seems reasonable and believable.

the scientific method (the systematic process of scientific inquiry)

Used for the systematic procedure of hypothesis, experiment and analysis.

cause and effect (the relationship between an action and its result)

Used for the relationship in which one event produces another.

fusion (the joining of atomic nuclei, releasing energy)

Used for the nuclear process of joining light atomic nuclei to release energy.

fission (the splitting of atomic nuclei, releasing energy)

Used for the nuclear process of splitting heavy atomic nuclei to release energy.

to falsify (to prove a hypothesis or theory false through evidence or a counterexample)

Used in philosophy of science: to falsify a claim is to prove it false through evidence; distinct from falsifiability, the Popperian property of a claim being testable in principle.

catalyst (a substance that accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process)

Used for a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.

velocity (speed in a specified direction)

Used in physics for speed in a given direction.

quantum (relating to quantum physics — the physics of atomic and subatomic phenomena, where energy exists in discrete units)

Used to describe physics at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles.

friction (the force resisting motion between surfaces)

Used in physics for the force resisting motion between surfaces in contact.

hypothesise (British English; American: hypothesize)

British English spelling of the verb meaning to propose a testable explanation.

synthesise (British English; American: synthesize)

British English spelling of the verb meaning to produce a substance, or to combine information into a whole.