추상적 개념

moral honesty and strong ethical principles (personal or professional)

Used to describe moral uprightness and adherence to ethical principles, often in professional or personal contexts

the right or ability to govern oneself; independence (personal or institutional)

Used in discussions of independence and self-governance, often in academic, professional, or healthcare contexts

principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong behavior

Used to discuss principles of right and wrong behavior in philosophical, ethical, or social discussions

moral principles that govern behavior; the study of right and wrong (academic or professional)

Used to refer to moral principles governing behavior or the branch of philosophy dealing with moral questions

a quality considered morally good; moral excellence

Used to describe a quality considered morally good or desirable, or behavior showing high moral standards

inner sense of right and wrong that influences one's actions and decisions

Used to refer to an inner moral sense of right and wrong that guides behavior and decision-making

a statement or situation that seems contradictory but may actually be true

Used to describe a seemingly contradictory statement or situation that may reveal a deeper truth

the quality of being open to more than one interpretation; uncertainty of meaning

Used to describe uncertainty or the possibility of multiple interpretations in language, situations, or laws

a subtle difference in meaning, expression, or approach

Used to describe subtle differences or shades of meaning, often in intellectual or analytical discussions

a statement or idea accepted as true and used as the basis for an argument

Used in reasoning and argumentation to refer to a statement assumed to be true that forms the basis for a conclusion

the underlying reasons or logical basis for a decision or action

Used to explain the logical reasons or justification behind a decision or course of action

an attitude of doubt or questioning toward accepted ideas or claims

Used to describe a doubting or questioning attitude toward claims, beliefs, or accepted ideas

general agreement reached by a group as a whole

Used to describe general agreement among a group, often in academic, professional, or decision-making settings

persuasive language or the art of persuasion; sometimes implies style over substance

Used to describe the art of persuasive speaking or writing, or language designed to persuade rather than inform

the quality of being logically sound, well-founded, or legally acceptable

Used to describe the quality of being logically or factually sound, often in academic, scientific, or legal contexts

the quality of being trusted and believed; trustworthiness

Used to describe the quality of being trusted or believed, often regarding people, institutions, or sources of information

the obligation to take responsibility for one's actions or decisions

Used to describe the obligation to accept responsibility for one's actions, especially in professional or institutional contexts

steady persistence in a course of action despite difficulties or setbacks

Used to describe persistence in doing something despite difficulty or delay in achieving success

careful and persistent effort in one's work or duties

Used to describe careful and persistent work or effort, often in professional or academic contexts

the quality of having a modest view of one's own importance

Used to describe a modest view of one's own importance, often valued as a personal or intellectual quality

the ability to predict and prepare for future events or consequences

Used to describe the ability to anticipate and plan for future events or needs

understanding of a situation or event only after it has happened

Used to describe understanding of a situation or event only after it has occurred

a typical pattern, model, or framework for understanding something (academic or professional)

Used to describe a model, pattern, or set of ideas that shapes how something is understood, especially in academic or professional contexts

a comparison between two things for the purpose of explanation or clarification

Used to explain something by comparing it to something similar, often in educational, persuasive, or explanatory contexts

a future event that is possible but not certain; a provision for such an event

Used to describe a possible future event or circumstance, often in planning or risk management contexts

an earlier event or action that serves as a guide or justification for subsequent similar ones

Used to describe an earlier event or action that serves as an example or guide for future situations, especially in legal contexts

a person's inherent qualities or natural tendency; temperament

Used to describe a person's inherent qualities of mind and character, or a natural tendency to act in a certain way

a right or privilege exclusive to a particular person or group

Used to describe an exclusive right or privilege belonging to a particular person or group

the freedom to decide what should be done; careful judgment about what is appropriate

Used to describe the freedom to make decisions independently, or the quality of being prudent and careful about what one says or does

a standard or principle for judging or deciding something (plural: criteria)

Used to refer to a standard or principle by which something is judged or decided; plural form is 'criteria'

a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for investigation

Used in scientific and academic contexts to describe a proposed explanation that can be tested through investigation

judgment or analysis based on facts rather than personal feelings or biases

Used to describe judgment based on observable facts rather than personal feelings, biases, or opinions

a practical approach to problems and affairs, focused on results rather than ideals

Used to describe a practical, results-oriented approach to problems rather than an idealistic or theoretical one

the pursuit of high or noble principles, often regarded as unrealistic

Used to describe the pursuit of high or noble principles and standards, sometimes regarded as unrealistic

a mistaken belief based on unsound reasoning; a flaw in an argument

Used to describe a mistaken belief or a flaw in reasoning, especially in logic and argumentation

an opinion or conclusion formed on incomplete information; guesswork

Used to describe an opinion or conclusion formed without sufficient evidence; informed guesswork

a natural inclination or tendency to behave in a particular way

Used to describe a natural inclination or tendency to behave in a particular way

a complex consequence of an action or event, typically unwelcome (usually plural)

Used to describe the complex or unwelcome consequences of an action or event, usually in the plural

an idea or feeling that a word invokes beyond its literal meaning

Used to describe the implied or associated meaning of a word beyond its literal definition

a division or contrast between two things presented as opposites or entirely different

Used to describe a division or contrast between two things that are presented as entirely different or opposed

the characteristic spirit or guiding beliefs of a community, era, or movement

Used to describe the characteristic spirit, attitudes, or guiding beliefs of a community, era, or movement

the quality of being particularly good or worthy; intrinsic value or worth

Used to describe the quality of being worthy or deserving recognition, or the intrinsic value of something

something left behind or handed down from the past; a lasting impact or effect

Used to describe something handed down from the past, or the lasting impact of a person, event, or era

existing as a natural or essential characteristic of something

Used to describe something that exists as a natural, permanent, or essential part of something

based on random choice or personal judgment rather than any reason or system

Used to describe decisions or actions based on random choice or personal whim rather than reason or logic

implied or understood without being directly stated

Used to describe something that is suggested or understood without being directly expressed

stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt

Used to describe something that is stated clearly and directly, leaving no room for doubt or confusion

seeming reasonable or probable; believable

Used to describe something that seems reasonable, probable, or believable

clear and definite; real enough to be perceived or measured; concrete

Used to describe something concrete and real that can be clearly perceived, measured, or demonstrated

capable of working successfully; feasible and practical

Used to describe something that is capable of working successfully or is practical enough to succeed

to think about something deeply and at length; to consider as a possibility

Used to describe thinking deeply and at length about something, or considering a course of action seriously

to deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning rather than from direct statements

Used to describe the process of drawing a conclusion from evidence and reasoning rather than from direct statements

to provide evidence or proof to support or verify a claim or statement

Used to describe providing evidence to support or prove the truth of a claim or statement

to gradually weaken or damage something abstract (authority, trust, an argument)

Used figuratively to describe gradually weakening or damaging something abstract such as authority, confidence, or an argument

a conclusion reached through reasoning based on evidence rather than explicit statement

Used in logic and everyday reasoning to refer to a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence rather than direct statement

a firmly held belief or opinion. Note: also used in legal contexts to mean a formal finding of guilt in a criminal case

Used to describe a firmly held belief or opinion, distinct from the legal sense of being found guilty

a form or domain of communication, including its conventions and practices, especially in academic or professional settings

Used to describe formal, extended discussion or communication on a topic, especially in academic or intellectual contexts

the capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; adaptability in the face of adversity

Used to describe the ability to recover quickly from setbacks, adversity, or difficult conditions

(1) a likely consequence or result of an action; (2) something suggested or understood without being directly stated

Used to describe a likely consequence or something suggested without being directly stated

a serious and earnest effort or attempt to achieve something

Used to describe a purposeful, often ambitious undertaking or determined effort. Also spelled endeavour (British English)

an idea or concept; sometimes used to suggest the idea is naive, vague, or not fully supported

Used to refer to a concept, belief, or idea, sometimes suggesting it is vague, questionable, or not fully formed

a belief that something is true based on probability; an assumption made without full proof

Used to describe something believed to be true based on probability, or an assumption made without proof

a general concept or idea considered apart from any specific instance; something that exists only in thought rather than in concrete form

Used to describe a concept that exists as an idea rather than having a physical form, or the process of considering something theoretically

(1) very great or intense in effect (a profound change); (2) showing deep intellectual or moral insight (a profound remark)

Used to describe something very deep, intense, or far-reaching in significance or effect

scepticism (British English; American: skepticism)

British English spelling of the word for an attitude of doubt or questioning toward accepted ideas or claims.

endeavour (British English; American: endeavor)

British English spelling of the word for a serious and earnest effort or attempt to achieve something.