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80 단어

정의 언어:: 한국어
  • 1
    glaciernounneutral

    glacier (large slow-moving body of ice)

    A slow-moving mass of ice; often referenced in discussions of climate change.

    The glacier has retreated nearly a kilometre over the past decade.

    The glacier has retreated nearly a kilometre over the past decade.

  • 2
    canyonnounneutral

    canyon (deep steep-sided river valley)

    A deep gorge with steep sides, typically carved by a river.

    The river has spent millions of years carving out this canyon.

    The river has spent millions of years carving out this canyon.

  • 3
    gorgenounneutral

    gorge (narrow steep-walled valley)

    A narrow valley between hills or mountains, usually with a stream running through it.

    A footbridge spans the gorge at its narrowest point.

    A footbridge spans the gorge at its narrowest point.

  • 4
    plateaunounneutral

    plateau (high area of flat land)

    An elevated area of fairly level ground.

    Beyond the foothills lies a vast windswept plateau.

    Beyond the foothills lies a vast windswept plateau.

  • 5
    summitnounneutral

    summit (the top of a mountain)

    The highest point of a mountain.

    It took us two days to reach the summit.

    It took us two days to reach the summit.

  • 6
    ridgenounneutral

    ridge (long narrow raised crest of land)

    A long, narrow elevated stretch of land or mountain crest.

    We followed the ridge all the way to the next peak.

    We followed the ridge all the way to the next peak.

  • 7
    slopenounneutral

    slope (inclined stretch of ground)

    A surface or stretch of ground that rises or falls.

    Vines have been planted across the south-facing slope.

    Vines have been planted across the south-facing slope.

  • 8
    meadownounneutralliterary

    meadow (grassy field, often with wildflowers)

    A field of grass and wildflowers, often near water.

    The meadow was alive with bees and butterflies.

    The meadow was alive with bees and butterflies.

  • 9
    wetlandnounneutraltechnical

    wetland (marshy land rich in wildlife)

    Land saturated with water, important for biodiversity; often used in the plural.

    These wetlands are a crucial stopover for migrating birds.

    These wetlands are a crucial stopover for migrating birds.

  • 10
    marshnounneutral

    marsh (low watery grassland)

    Low-lying wet land, typically with grassy vegetation.

    The path disappears into the marsh after heavy rain.

    The path disappears into the marsh after heavy rain.

  • 11
    swampnounneutral

    swamp (waterlogged, often wooded ground)

    Permanently waterlogged ground, often forested.

    The swamp is teeming with insects this time of year.

    The swamp is teeming with insects this time of year.

  • 12
    estuarynounneutraltechnical

    estuary (river mouth where fresh and salt water mix)

    The tidal mouth of a river where it meets the sea.

    The estuary is a nursery for countless species of fish.

    The estuary is a nursery for countless species of fish.

  • 13
    peninsulanounneutral

    peninsula (land projecting into water)

    A piece of land almost surrounded by water but joined to a larger landmass.

    The town sits at the tip of a rocky peninsula.

    The town sits at the tip of a rocky peninsula.

  • 14
    dunenounneutral

    dune (wind-formed hill of sand)

    A mound or ridge of sand shaped by the wind.

    The children rolled down the dunes laughing.

    The children rolled down the dunes laughing.

  • 15
    terrainnounneutral

    terrain (the physical character of the land)

    The physical features of a stretch of land.

    The terrain becomes far rougher beyond the river.

    The terrain becomes far rougher beyond the river.

  • 16
    tributarynounneutraltechnical

    tributary (stream feeding into a larger river)

    A smaller river or stream flowing into a larger one.

    Pollution in a single tributary can poison the whole river.

    Pollution in a single tributary can poison the whole river.

  • 17
    volcanonounneutral

    volcano (mountain that erupts lava)

    A mountain that erupts molten rock.

    The volcano has been dormant for centuries.

    The volcano has been dormant for centuries.

  • 18
    grovenounneutralliterary

    grove (small cluster of trees)

    A small group of trees, often of one kind.

    They picnicked in the shade of an olive grove.

    They picnicked in the shade of an olive grove.

  • 19
    vegetationnounneutraltechnical

    vegetation (plant life of an area, collectively)

    Plants collectively, especially those covering a particular area.

    Dense vegetation made the trail almost impossible to follow.

    Dense vegetation made the trail almost impossible to follow.

  • 20
    foliagenounneutralliterary

    foliage (the leaves of plants, collectively)

    The leaves of plants and trees, viewed collectively.

    The autumn foliage draws tourists from all over the country.

    The autumn foliage draws tourists from all over the country.

  • 21
    canopynounneutraltechnical

    canopy (the leafy upper layer of a forest)

    The uppermost layer of branches and leaves in a forest.

    Barely any sunlight reaches the floor beneath the dense canopy.

    Barely any sunlight reaches the floor beneath the dense canopy.

  • 22
    undergrowthnounneutral

    undergrowth (low dense plants beneath trees)

    The dense shrubs and plants growing beneath taller trees.

    Something rustled in the undergrowth as we passed.

    Something rustled in the undergrowth as we passed.

  • 23
    shrubnounneutraltechnical

    shrub (low woody multi-stemmed plant)

    A woody plant smaller than a tree, with several stems; more technical than 'bush'.

    Hardy shrubs are the only thing that grows on the cliff face.

    Hardy shrubs are the only thing that grows on the cliff face.

  • 24
    saplingnounneutral

    sapling (young tree)

    A young, slender tree.

    Volunteers planted hundreds of saplings along the riverbank.

    Volunteers planted hundreds of saplings along the riverbank.

  • 25
    mossnounneutral

    moss (soft green plant on damp surfaces)

    A small soft green plant growing in damp, shady places.

    The old stone wall was thick with moss.

    The old stone wall was thick with moss.

  • 26
    fernnounneutral

    fern (feathery flowerless plant)

    A flowerless plant with feathery fronds, common in shady, damp areas.

    Ferns unfurled across the forest floor in spring.

    Ferns unfurled across the forest floor in spring.

  • 27
    vinenounneutral

    vine (climbing or trailing plant)

    A climbing or trailing plant.

    Vines had completely overtaken the abandoned house.

    Vines had completely overtaken the abandoned house.

  • 28
    blossomnounneutralliterary

    blossom (mass of flowers on a tree)

    The flowers on a tree, especially fruit trees, viewed collectively.

    The cherry blossom only lasts a week or two.

    The cherry blossom only lasts a week or two.

  • 29
    bloomverbneutral

    to bloom (produce flowers; come into flower)

    Of a plant, to produce flowers.

    The roses bloom right through to October.

    The roses bloom right through to October.

  • 30
    wiltverbneutral

    to wilt (droop from heat or dryness, of plants)

    Of a plant, to become limp from heat or lack of water.

    The seedlings began to wilt in the afternoon heat.

    The seedlings began to wilt in the afternoon heat.

  • 31
    germinateverbneutraltechnical

    to germinate (begin to sprout, of a seed)

    Of a seed, to begin to grow and put out shoots.

    These seeds will only germinate after a forest fire.

    These seeds will only germinate after a forest fire.

  • 32
    floranounformaltechnical

    flora (the plant life of a region, collectively)

    The plants of a particular region, period, or environment, taken as a whole.

    The island's flora includes dozens of species found nowhere else.

    The island's flora includes dozens of species found nowhere else.

  • 33
    biodiversitynounneutraltechnical

    biodiversity (variety of life in an environment)

    The variety of living organisms in a particular habitat.

    Rainforests are home to extraordinary biodiversity.

    Rainforests are home to extraordinary biodiversity.

  • 34
    ecosystemnounneutraltechnical

    ecosystem (interacting community of life and environment)

    A community of organisms interacting with their physical environment.

    Removing a single predator can throw the whole ecosystem off balance.

    Removing a single predator can throw the whole ecosystem off balance.

  • 35
    habitatnounneutraltechnical

    habitat (natural home of a species)

    The natural home or environment of a plant or animal.

    Urban sprawl is steadily destroying the birds' natural habitat.

    Urban sprawl is steadily destroying the birds' natural habitat.

  • 36
    sustainabilitynounneutraltechnical

    sustainability (using resources without depleting them)

    The ability to maintain something at a level that does not deplete natural resources.

    The company claims sustainability is at the heart of everything it does.

    The company claims sustainability is at the heart of everything it does.

  • 37
    sustainableadjectiveneutral

    sustainable (not depleting natural resources)

    Able to continue without depleting natural resources or harming the environment.

    We need a more sustainable approach to fishing these waters.

    We need a more sustainable approach to fishing these waters.

  • 38
    emissionsnounneutraltechnical

    emissions (gases released into the air)

    Gases, especially harmful ones, released into the atmosphere.

    The new regulations aim to cut carbon emissions by a third.

    The new regulations aim to cut carbon emissions by a third.

  • 39
    deforestationnounneutraltechnical

    deforestation (large-scale clearing of forests)

    The clearing of forests on a large scale.

    Deforestation is driving many species to the brink of extinction.

    Deforestation is driving many species to the brink of extinction.

  • 40
    reforestationnounneutraltechnical

    reforestation (replanting of cleared forests)

    The process of replanting trees in areas that have been cleared.

    The charity has funded reforestation across thousands of hectares.

    The charity has funded reforestation across thousands of hectares.

  • 41
    erosionnounneutraltechnical

    erosion (gradual wearing away of land)

    The gradual wearing away of land by wind, water, or other natural forces.

    Coastal erosion has swallowed several homes along the cliff.

    Coastal erosion has swallowed several homes along the cliff.

  • 42
    depletionnounformaltechnical

    depletion (using up of a resource)

    The reduction of a resource or substance to a critically low level.

    The depletion of fish stocks threatens entire coastal communities.

    The depletion of fish stocks threatens entire coastal communities.

  • 43
    degradationnounformaltechnical

    degradation (deterioration of the environment)

    The decline in quality or condition of the natural environment.

    Overgrazing has led to severe land degradation in the region.

    Overgrazing has led to severe land degradation in the region.

  • 44
    biodegradableadjectiveneutraltechnical

    biodegradable (able to decompose naturally)

    Capable of being broken down naturally by bacteria or other living organisms.

    The packaging is fully biodegradable and breaks down within months.

    The packaging is fully biodegradable and breaks down within months.

  • 45
    compostnounneutral

    compost (decayed organic matter used as fertiliser)

    Decayed organic matter used to enrich soil.

    We turn all our kitchen scraps into compost.

    We turn all our kitchen scraps into compost.

  • 46
    landfillnounneutraltechnical

    landfill (site where rubbish is buried)

    A site where waste is buried; also the practice of disposing of waste this way.

    Most of this plastic ends up in landfill.

    Most of this plastic ends up in landfill.

  • 47
    contaminationnounneutraltechnical

    contamination (harmful pollution of soil, water, etc.)

    The presence of harmful or polluting substances in something.

    Tests revealed serious contamination of the groundwater.

    Tests revealed serious contamination of the groundwater.

  • 48
    ecologicaladjectiveneutraltechnical

    ecological (relating to the environment and ecosystems)

    Relating to the environment and the relationships between living things.

    The project was halted over its likely ecological impact.

    The project was halted over its likely ecological impact.

  • 49
    conserveverbneutral

    to conserve (protect/preserve nature or resources)

    To protect a natural resource or environment from harm or overuse.

    The trust works to conserve ancient woodland across the country.

    The trust works to conserve ancient woodland across the country.

  • 50
    preserveverbneutral

    to preserve (keep in its original natural state)

    To keep something in its original or natural state, protected from change or loss.

    Strict laws preserve the marshland from development.

    Strict laws preserve the marshland from development.

  • 51
    replenishverbformal

    to replenish (restore or refill a depleted supply)

    To restore a stock or supply to its former level; to refill.

    It can take an aquifer centuries to replenish itself.

    It can take an aquifer centuries to replenish itself.

  • 52
    thriveverbneutral

    to thrive (grow strongly and healthily)

    Of a plant, animal, or ecosystem, to grow vigorously and flourish.

    These orchids thrive in damp, shaded conditions.

    These orchids thrive in damp, shaded conditions.

  • 53
    flourishverbneutralliterary

    to flourish (grow abundantly and vigorously)

    To grow or develop healthily and abundantly.

    Wildflowers flourish in the meadow once the grazing stops.

    Wildflowers flourish in the meadow once the grazing stops.

  • 54
    erodeverbneutraltechnical

    to erode (wear away gradually, of land or rock)

    To wear away gradually, especially of land or rock by natural forces.

    The waves are slowly eroding the base of the cliff.

    The waves are slowly eroding the base of the cliff.

  • 55
    depleteverbformaltechnical

    to deplete (use up or drain a resource)

    To use up or reduce a resource to a dangerously low level.

    Intensive farming rapidly depletes the soil of nutrients.

    Intensive farming rapidly depletes the soil of nutrients.

  • 56
    aridadjectiveformaltechnical

    arid (extremely dry, of land or climate)

    Having little or no rain; extremely dry.

    Only a few hardy plants survive in such arid terrain.

    Only a few hardy plants survive in such arid terrain.

  • 57
    barrenadjectiveneutralliterary

    barren (bare and unable to support plant life)

    Of land, too poor to produce vegetation; bleak and empty.

    Beyond the tree line, the landscape becomes utterly barren.

    Beyond the tree line, the landscape becomes utterly barren.

  • 58
    fertileadjectiveneutral

    fertile (rich and productive, of soil)

    Of soil or land, able to produce abundant vegetation or crops.

    The volcanic soil here is extraordinarily fertile.

    The volcanic soil here is extraordinarily fertile.

  • 59
    lushadjectiveneutralliterary

    lush (thick, green and abundant, of plant growth)

    Of vegetation, growing thickly and abundantly; richly green.

    After the rains, the hills turn a lush green.

    After the rains, the hills turn a lush green.

  • 60
    pristineadjectiveneutralformal

    pristine (unspoiled and untouched, of nature)

    In its original, unspoiled condition; untouched by human activity.

    Few places on Earth remain as pristine as this coastline.

    Few places on Earth remain as pristine as this coastline.

  • 61
    ruggedadjectiveneutral

    rugged (rough and rocky, of terrain)

    Of landscape, rough, rocky, and uneven.

    The north of the island is wild and rugged.

    The north of the island is wild and rugged.

  • 62
    temperateadjectiveneutraltechnical

    temperate (mild, of climate or region)

    Of a climate or region, mild, without extremes of heat or cold.

    Oak and beech are typical of temperate forests.

    Oak and beech are typical of temperate forests.

  • 63
    scenicadjectiveneutral

    scenic (offering beautiful natural views)

    Having attractive natural scenery.

    We took the scenic route along the coast.

    We took the scenic route along the coast.

  • 64
    indigenousadjectiveformaltechnical

    indigenous (naturally native to a region, of plants/species)

    Originating naturally in a particular place; native to a region.

    The garden showcases plants indigenous to the highlands.

    The garden showcases plants indigenous to the highlands.

  • 65
    endangeredadjectiveneutraltechnical

    endangered (at risk of dying out, of a species)

    At serious risk of extinction.

    This orchid is now one of the country's most endangered plants.

    This orchid is now one of the country's most endangered plants.

  • 66
    extinctionnounneutraltechnical

    extinction (the dying out of a species)

    The complete dying out of a species.

    Habitat loss has pushed the species to the edge of extinction.

    Habitat loss has pushed the species to the edge of extinction.

  • 67
    harnessverbneutral

    to harness (control and use a natural force for power)

    To control and make use of a natural force or resource, especially for energy.

    The turbines harness the power of the tides.

    The turbines harness the power of the tides.

  • 68
    offsetverbneutraltechnical

    to offset (counterbalance carbon emissions)

    To counteract carbon emissions, typically by funding equivalent environmental savings.

    The airline lets passengers offset the emissions from their flight.

    The airline lets passengers offset the emissions from their flight.

  • 69
    pesticidenounneutraltechnical

    pesticide (chemical used to kill crop pests)

    A chemical used to kill pests, especially insects, on crops.

    Heavy use of pesticides has decimated the local bee population.

    Heavy use of pesticides has decimated the local bee population.

  • 70
    sewagenounneutraltechnical

    sewage (waste water and human waste)

    Waste water and excrement carried away in drains.

    Untreated sewage is still being pumped into the river.

    Untreated sewage is still being pumped into the river.

  • 71
    runoffnounneutraltechnical

    runoff (water draining off land, often polluted)

    Water, often carrying pollutants, that drains off land into rivers and seas.

    Agricultural runoff is poisoning the lake with fertiliser.

    Agricultural runoff is poisoning the lake with fertiliser.

  • 72
    wildernessnounneutralliterary

    wilderness (wild, uninhabited natural region)

    A wild, uncultivated region untouched by human development.

    They spent a month trekking through the Alaskan wilderness.

    They spent a month trekking through the Alaskan wilderness.

  • 73
    terrestrialadjectiveformaltechnical

    terrestrial (relating to or living on land)

    Relating to or living on the land, as opposed to water or air.

    The study compares terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

    The study compares terrestrial and marine ecosystems.

  • 74
    untamedadjectiveliterary

    untamed (wild and not controlled by humans)

    Wild and not brought under human control; describing landscapes or nature.

    The film captures the untamed beauty of the far north.

    The film captures the untamed beauty of the far north.

  • 75
    deltanounneutraltechnical

    delta (fan-shaped area of land where a river branches and meets the sea, built from deposited sediment)

    The fan-shaped area of land where a river splits and meets the sea.

    Rice is grown across the fertile delta.

    Rice is grown across the fertile delta.

  • 76
    carbon footprintnoun phraseneutraltechnical

    carbon footprint (total greenhouse gases one's actions produce)

    The total amount of greenhouse gases produced by a person, organisation, or activity.

    Flying less is one of the quickest ways to shrink your carbon footprint.

    Flying less is one of the quickest ways to shrink your carbon footprint.

  • 77
    greenhouse gasnounneutraltechnical

    greenhouse gas (heat-trapping atmospheric gas)

    A gas that traps heat in the atmosphere and contributes to global warming.

    Methane is a far more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

    Methane is a far more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

  • 78
    fossil fuelnounneutraltechnical

    fossil fuel (coal, oil, or gas burned for energy)

    A fuel such as coal, oil, or gas formed from ancient organic remains.

    Weaning the economy off fossil fuels is a generational challenge.

    Weaning the economy off fossil fuels is a generational challenge.

  • 79
    ecologynounneutraltechnical

    ecology (study of organisms and their environment; also, the relationships and living systems of a particular place)

    The study of organisms in relation to their environment; also the relationships themselves.

    She's writing a thesis on the ecology of mountain streams.

    She's writing a thesis on the ecology of mountain streams.

  • 80
    carbon neutraladjectiveneutraltechnical

    carbon neutral (releasing no net carbon emissions)

    Producing no net release of carbon dioxide, especially through offsetting.

    The company has pledged to be carbon neutral by 2030.

    The company has pledged to be carbon neutral by 2030.

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