c2어휘 팩

추상적 개념

생각과 가치를 논할 때 필요한 어휘

76 단어

영어 어휘

정의 언어:

한국어 정의가 아직 없어요

이 언어의 뜻풀이는 아직 준비되지 않았습니다. 언어를 하나씩 추가하고 있습니다.

미리 준비된 번역이 없습니다

이 팩의 이 언어는 아직 준비되지 않았습니다. 나만의 비공개 사본을 만들 수 있습니다 – AI가 번역한, 오직 나만을 위한 사본입니다.

76 단어

정의 언어:: 한국어

1
epistemologynounformaltechnical
the theory or study of knowledge (philosophical discipline)
The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge.
Her thesis tackles a thorny question in epistemology: how can we ever know that we know anything?
Her thesis tackles a thorny question in epistemology: how can we ever know that we know anything?
2
ontologynounformaltechnical
the study of the nature of being and existence (philosophy)
The philosophical study of being, existence, and the categories of what there is.
Whether numbers actually exist is a classic problem of ontology.
Whether numbers actually exist is a classic problem of ontology.
3
dialecticnounformaltechnical
reasoning through the clash of opposing positions (philosophical method)
A method of reasoning that advances through the tension and resolution of opposing ideas.
History, in his view, unfolds through a dialectic of progress and reaction.
History, in his view, unfolds through a dialectic of progress and reaction.
4
syllogismnounformaltechnical
a deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion (formal logic)
A formal logical argument in which a conclusion is drawn from two premises.
All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal — the textbook syllogism.
All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal — the textbook syllogism.
5
axiomnounformaltechnical
a self-evident truth taken as a foundational premise (logic, mathematics)
A statement accepted as self-evidently true and used as a starting point for reasoning.
She treats kindness not as a strategy but as an axiom of how to live.
She treats kindness not as a strategy but as an axiom of how to live.
6
tautologynounformaltechnical
a self-confirming or redundant statement (logic, rhetoric)
A statement that is true by its own definition, or a needless repetition of the same idea.
Saying 'it is what it is' is a comforting tautology that explains nothing.
Saying 'it is what it is' is a comforting tautology that explains nothing.
7
sophistrynounformalpejorative
plausible but fallacious argument designed to deceive (pejorative)
Clever but deliberately deceptive reasoning intended to mislead rather than enlighten.
Strip away the sophistry and his argument amounts to 'because I say so'.
Strip away the sophistry and his argument amounts to 'because I say so'.
8
solipsismnounformaltechnical
the belief that only the self exists or matters (philosophy; also self-centeredness)
The philosophical view that only one's own mind is certain to exist; by extension, extreme self-absorption.
Taken to its logical end, his skepticism slides into total solipsism.
Taken to its logical end, his skepticism slides into total solipsism.
9
relativismnounformaltechnical
the view that truth or morality is not absolute but context-dependent
The doctrine that truth, knowledge, or morality exist only in relation to context and have no absolute standard.
Moral relativism makes it hard to condemn anything as simply wrong.
Moral relativism makes it hard to condemn anything as simply wrong.
10
nihilismnounformal
the belief that life has no inherent meaning or value (philosophy)
The rejection of inherent meaning, value, or moral truth in life.
There's a streak of nihilism in his work, a sense that nothing finally matters.
There's a streak of nihilism in his work, a sense that nothing finally matters.
11
empiricismnounformaltechnical
the doctrine that knowledge comes from experience and evidence (philosophy)
The theory that knowledge derives primarily from sensory experience and observation.
Modern science grew out of an empiricism that trusted observation over received authority.
Modern science grew out of an empiricism that trusted observation over received authority.
12
dogmanounformal
an authoritative belief held as unquestionable (often pejorative)
A principle or set of beliefs laid down as incontrovertibly true, often resistant to question.
He challenged the reigning economic dogma that markets always know best.
He challenged the reigning economic dogma that markets always know best.
13
doctrinenounformal
a coherent set of principles or beliefs taught as authoritative
A formally stated body of teachings or principles held by a group, church, or school of thought.
The ruling rests on a long-standing legal doctrine about reasonable doubt.
The ruling rests on a long-standing legal doctrine about reasonable doubt.
14
tenetnounformal
a fundamental principle or belief (one element of a doctrine)
A core principle or belief held by a person or group as part of a wider system of thought.
A central tenet of the movement is that no one is free until everyone is.
A central tenet of the movement is that no one is free until everyone is.
15
postulatenounformaltechnical
an assumption taken as a starting point for reasoning (formal)
Something assumed without proof as a basis for reasoning or argument.
His entire ethics rests on a single postulate: that all persons are equal in dignity.
His entire ethics rests on a single postulate: that all persons are equal in dignity.
16
corollarynounformaltechnical
a natural consequence or logical follow-on from a prior point
A proposition or consequence that follows naturally from something already proved or accepted.
Greater freedom carries an unavoidable corollary: greater responsibility.
Greater freedom carries an unavoidable corollary: greater responsibility.
17
synthesisnounformal
a unified whole formed by combining distinct ideas (intellectual)
The combination of separate ideas or elements into a coherent, unified whole.
Her book is a remarkable synthesis of philosophy, history, and personal memoir.
Her book is a remarkable synthesis of philosophy, history, and personal memoir.
18
fortitudenounformalliterary
steady courage in the face of prolonged hardship (moral strength)
Courage and strength of mind in enduring pain, hardship, or adversity over time.
She bore the long illness with a quiet fortitude that humbled everyone around her.
She bore the long illness with a quiet fortitude that humbled everyone around her.
19
prudencenounformal
wise caution and good practical judgment (a virtue)
The quality of acting with careful good judgment and foresight, avoiding needless risk.
Financial prudence kept the company solvent when its rivals collapsed.
Financial prudence kept the company solvent when its rivals collapsed.
20
temperancenounformalliterary
self-restraint and moderation (a classical virtue)
Moderation and self-restraint, especially in appetite, indulgence, or emotion.
The ancients prized temperance as the virtue that governs all the others.
The ancients prized temperance as the virtue that governs all the others.
21
magnanimitynounformalliterary
noble generosity of spirit, especially toward rivals or the defeated
Generosity and largeness of spirit, especially toward a rival or someone in one's power.
He showed remarkable magnanimity in praising the man who had beaten him.
He showed remarkable magnanimity in praising the man who had beaten him.
22
equanimitynounformalliterary
calm evenness of mind under stress (composure)
Mental calmness and composure, especially in difficult or stressful situations.
She received the bad news with surprising equanimity.
She received the bad news with surprising equanimity.
23
probitynounformalliterary
strict honesty and moral uprightness (formal integrity)
Complete moral integrity and uprightness, especially in matters of trust or money.
His financial probity was never once in question.
His financial probity was never once in question.
24
rectitudenounformalliterary
moral uprightness and correctness of conduct
Morally correct behavior; rigid adherence to principles of right conduct.
There was an almost severe rectitude about the old judge.
There was an almost severe rectitude about the old judge.
25
candornounformal
open, unguarded honesty in speech (frankness)
Frankness and honesty in expression; openness even when the truth is uncomfortable.
I appreciated her candor; most people would have softened the criticism.
I appreciated her candor; most people would have softened the criticism.
26
stoicismnounneutral
calm uncomplaining endurance of difficulty (quality of character)
The endurance of hardship or pain without complaint or visible emotion.
He faced the diagnosis with a stoicism that worried his family more than panic would have.
He faced the diagnosis with a stoicism that worried his family more than panic would have.
27
gravitasnounformal
dignified seriousness that lends authority (of bearing or manner)
Dignity, seriousness, and weight of character that commands respect.
She brought a gravitas to the role that her predecessor had lacked.
She brought a gravitas to the role that her predecessor had lacked.
28
sagacitynounformalliterary
shrewd, far-seeing wisdom (sound practical judgment)
Keenness of judgment and practical wisdom, especially in foreseeing outcomes.
The deal succeeded thanks to her political sagacity.
The deal succeeded thanks to her political sagacity.
29
perspicacitynounformalliterary
keen mental penetration and discernment (sharp insight)
Sharpness of insight; the ability to perceive and understand things keenly.
Her perspicacity let her see through the excuse at once.
Her perspicacity let her see through the excuse at once.
30
acumennounformal
sharp practical judgment in a field (e.g. business acumen)
Quick, keen judgment and skill in a particular domain, especially business or strategy.
Her business acumen turned a failing shop into a chain within five years.
Her business acumen turned a failing shop into a chain within five years.
31
discernmentnounformal
fine judgment and the ability to perceive subtle distinctions
The ability to judge well and perceive fine distinctions, especially of quality or character.
It takes discernment to tell genuine talent from mere confidence.
It takes discernment to tell genuine talent from mere confidence.
32
circumspectionnounformal
careful, prudent caution before acting (wary discretion)
Cautious watchfulness; careful consideration of all circumstances before acting.
He handled the negotiations with the circumspection of a man who had been burned before.
He handled the negotiations with the circumspection of a man who had been burned before.
33
forbearancenounformalliterary
patient, deliberate restraint from acting or retaliating (tolerant patience)
Patient self-control and restraint, especially in withholding a deserved response.
I thank you for your forbearance during these long delays.
I thank you for your forbearance during these long delays.
34
tenacitynounneutral
stubborn, gritty persistence toward a goal (dogged resolve)
Persistent determination; the quality of holding firmly to a purpose or course.
Her sheer tenacity carried the project through when funding dried up.
Her sheer tenacity carried the project through when funding dried up.
35
altruismnounformal
unselfish regard for the welfare of others (moral quality)
Selfless concern for the well-being of others, sometimes at one's own expense.
Cynics insist that pure altruism doesn't exist.
Cynics insist that pure altruism doesn't exist.
36
benevolencenounformalliterary
active goodwill and kindness toward others (well-meaning disposition)
The disposition to do good; kindly goodwill toward others.
The foundation was built on the benevolence of a single anonymous donor.
The foundation was built on the benevolence of a single anonymous donor.
37
fidelitynounformalliterary
steadfast faithfulness or loyalty (also accuracy of reproduction)
Faithfulness and loyalty to a person, cause, or principle; also exactness of reproduction.
His lifelong fidelity to his principles cost him every promotion.
His lifelong fidelity to his principles cost him every promotion.
38
serendipitynounneutralliterary
a happy accident; finding something good without looking for it
The occurrence of fortunate discoveries or events entirely by chance.
Their meeting was pure serendipity — a missed train and a shared umbrella.
Their meeting was pure serendipity — a missed train and a shared umbrella.
39
futilitynounformalliterary
the state of being pointless or doomed to fail (uselessness)
Pointlessness; the quality of being incapable of producing any useful result.
After the tenth rejection, the sheer futility of it all began to wear on her.
After the tenth rejection, the sheer futility of it all began to wear on her.
40
transiencenounformalliterary
the fleeting, short-lived nature of something (impermanence)
The quality of lasting only a short time; impermanence.
There is a beauty in the transience of cherry blossom.
There is a beauty in the transience of cherry blossom.
41
inevitabilitynounformal
the certainty that something cannot be prevented (unavoidability)
The quality of being certain to happen and impossible to avoid.
Looking back, the collapse has an air of inevitability, though no one saw it coming.
Looking back, the collapse has an air of inevitability, though no one saw it coming.
42
proprietynounformal
correctness of conduct according to social or moral standards
Conformity to accepted standards of correct or proper behavior.
He questioned the propriety of accepting a gift from a supplier.
He questioned the propriety of accepting a gift from a supplier.
43
decorumnounformal
dignified, socially proper behavior suited to the occasion
Behavior that is in keeping with good taste and the dignity of an occasion.
The hecklers shattered the decorum of the ceremony.
The hecklers shattered the decorum of the ceremony.
44
zeitgeistnounformal
the prevailing spirit or mood of an era (intellectual climate)
The defining spirit, mood, or set of ideas characteristic of a particular period.
The film somehow captured the anxious zeitgeist of the decade.
The film somehow captured the anxious zeitgeist of the decade.
45
verisimilitudenounformalliterary
the quality of seeming true or lifelike (plausible realism)
The appearance of being true or real, especially in fiction or representation.
The novel's verisimilitude comes from its unglamorous, exact detail.
The novel's verisimilitude comes from its unglamorous, exact detail.
46
predilectionnounformal
a settled preference or fondness for something (cultivated taste)
An established preference or special liking for something.
She has a marked predilection for the difficult and the obscure.
She has a marked predilection for the difficult and the obscure.
47
penchantnounneutral
a strong habitual liking or fondness for something
A strong and habitual liking or inclination for something.
He has a penchant for dramatic exits.
He has a penchant for dramatic exits.
48
aptitudenounneutral
an innate capacity or talent for learning something (natural ability)
A natural ability or talent for acquiring a particular skill.
She showed an early aptitude for languages.
She showed an early aptitude for languages.
49
prowessnounformalliterary
exceptional skill or ability (often in a demanding domain)
Outstanding skill, ability, or expertise in a particular field or activity.
His intellectual prowess was obvious, but he wore it lightly.
His intellectual prowess was obvious, but he wore it lightly.
50
finessenounneutral
delicate skill and tact in handling something tricky (refinement)
Refined skill and subtlety in handling a difficult or delicate situation.
She handled the awkward question with real finesse.
She handled the awkward question with real finesse.
51
introspectionnounformal
the inward examination of one's own mind (self-reflection)
The examination of one's own thoughts, feelings, and motives.
A little honest introspection might tell him why he keeps failing.
A little honest introspection might tell him why he keeps failing.
52
deliberationnounformal
careful, weighed consideration of a decision (thorough reflection)
Careful, often lengthy, consideration before reaching a decision.
After much deliberation, the jury returned a verdict.
After much deliberation, the jury returned a verdict.
53
speculationnounneutral
reasoning or guessing about something without solid evidence (conjecture)
The forming of theories or conjectures without firm evidence.
Until the report is published, the rest is pure speculation.
Until the report is published, the rest is pure speculation.
54
suppositionnounformal
an assumed belief used as a basis for argument (a tentative assumption)
Something assumed to be true as the basis for reasoning, without proof.
The whole plan rests on the supposition that prices will keep rising.
The whole plan rests on the supposition that prices will keep rising.
55
extrapolationnounformaltechnical
projecting known patterns to infer what lies beyond them (reasoned estimate)
The extension of known information or trends to estimate the unknown.
The forecast is just an extrapolation of the last decade's growth.
The forecast is just an extrapolation of the last decade's growth.
56
quandarynounneutral
a state of indecision over a difficult choice (a dilemma)
A state of perplexity or uncertainty over what to do in a difficult situation.
I'm in a real quandary about whether to take the job abroad.
I'm in a real quandary about whether to take the job abroad.
57
conundrumnounneutral
a baffling problem or puzzle that resists easy solution
A confusing and difficult problem or question with no easy answer.
How to be fair to everyone at once is the eternal conundrum of management.
How to be fair to everyone at once is the eternal conundrum of management.
58
enigmanounneutralliterary
a deeply puzzling person or thing (mystery)
Something or someone mysterious, puzzling, and hard to understand.
Even to his closest friends, he remained an enigma.
Even to his closest friends, he remained an enigma.
59
anomalynounformaltechnical
a deviation from the norm; an irregularity (often in data or pattern)
Something that deviates from what is standard, expected, or normal.
The reading was an anomaly, so they ran the test again.
The reading was an anomaly, so they ran the test again.
60
aberrationnounformal
an abnormal, usually one-off departure from the norm (a lapse)
A temporary departure from what is normal, expected, or morally acceptable.
He insisted the outburst was an aberration, not his true character.
He insisted the outburst was an aberration, not his true character.
61
vicissitudenounformalliterary
an unpredictable change or reversal of fortune (usually plural)
A change of circumstances or fortune, typically one that is unwelcome (usually plural).
He weathered the vicissitudes of public life without losing his humor.
He weathered the vicissitudes of public life without losing his humor.
62
caveatnounformal
a cautionary qualification or proviso (a stated reservation)
A warning or qualifying condition attached to a statement or agreement.
I'll recommend it, with one caveat: it's not cheap.
I'll recommend it, with one caveat: it's not cheap.
63
predicamentnounneutral
a tricky, hard-to-resolve situation (an awkward bind)
A difficult, unpleasant, or embarrassing situation that is hard to escape.
Lending him money would only deepen his predicament.
Lending him money would only deepen his predicament.
64
hubrisnounformalliterary
overweening arrogance that invites ruin (tragic overconfidence)
Excessive pride or self-confidence, often leading to one's downfall.
It was sheer hubris to think he could outsmart the entire market.
It was sheer hubris to think he could outsmart the entire market.
65
veracitynounformal
truthfulness or accuracy (of a statement or a person)
Conformity to truth or fact; habitual truthfulness.
No one doubted the veracity of her account.
No one doubted the veracity of her account.
66
mettlenounformalliterary
tested courage and strength of character (one's true grit)
A person's spirit, courage, and capacity to cope under pressure or hardship.
The crisis really tested the new manager's mettle.
The crisis really tested the new manager's mettle.
67
temeritynounformalliterary
audacious, often presumptuous boldness (reckless nerve)
Excessive boldness or recklessness; nerve that disregards risk or propriety.
He had the temerity to correct the professor in front of the whole class.
He had the temerity to correct the professor in front of the whole class.
68
cognizancenounformal
conscious awareness or formal notice of something (knowledge of a fact)
Awareness, knowledge, or notice of something, often used in formal or legal contexts.
The board took cognizance of the complaints and opened an inquiry.
The board took cognizance of the complaints and opened an inquiry.
69
scruplenounformal
a pang of conscience that restrains an action (moral reservation)
A moral hesitation or qualm that makes one reluctant to do something felt to be wrong.
He had no scruples about reading other people's letters.
He had no scruples about reading other people's letters.
70
metaphysicsnounformaltechnical
the branch of philosophy examining first principles of reality: being, time, causation, and identity
The branch of philosophy dealing with first principles, such as being, time, cause, and identity.
Once you start asking why there is something rather than nothing, you've wandered into metaphysics.
Once you start asking why there is something rather than nothing, you've wandered into metaphysics.
71
determinismnounformaltechnical
the doctrine that every event is causally necessitated by prior events, leaving no room for chance or genuine free will
The philosophical position that every event is the inevitable result of preceding causes.
If you accept strict determinism, it's hard to see where free will fits in.
If you accept strict determinism, it's hard to see where free will fits in.
72
antithesisnounformal
(rhetoric) a figure juxtaposing contrasting ideas in parallel structure; (general) the direct opposite of something
The exact opposite of something, or a contrast set deliberately against a thesis.
Quiet patience is the very antithesis of his restless temperament.
Quiet patience is the very antithesis of his restless temperament.
73
providencenounformalliterary
benevolent guiding care of fate or a higher power (also prudent foresight)
Protective care attributed to fate, nature, or a higher power; also timely foresight.
She survived by luck, or what she called providence.
She survived by luck, or what she called providence.
74
proclivitynounformal
an ingrained tendency or leaning toward something
A natural or habitual inclination toward a particular behavior, often a questionable one.
He has a proclivity for picking fights he can't win.
He has a proclivity for picking fights he can't win.
75
candournounformalBritish English
candour (British English; American: candor)
British English spelling of the noun meaning open, unguarded honesty in speech (frankness).
I appreciated the candour with which she admitted her own mistakes.
I appreciated the frankness with which she admitted her own mistakes.
76
cognisancenounformalBritish English
cognisance (British English; American: cognizance)
British English spelling of the noun meaning conscious awareness or formal notice of something.
The committee took full cognisance of the objections before ruling.
The committee took full account of the objections before ruling.