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82 단어

정의 언어:: 한국어

1
plutocracynounformal
plutocracy (a system in which the rich hold power)
Rule by the wealthy; a society governed by its richest members.
Critics argue the country has drifted from a democracy into a thinly veiled plutocracy.
Critics argue the country has drifted from a democracy into a thinly veiled plutocracy.
2
oligarchynounformal
oligarchy (rule by a small, dominant group)
Rule by a small, privileged clique; the clique itself.
Behind the democratic façade, a handful of families ran the state as a private oligarchy.
Behind the democratic façade, a handful of families ran the state as a private oligarchy.
3
kleptocracynounformalpejorative
kleptocracy (government by those who steal from the state)
A government whose leaders systematically loot the state for personal enrichment.
The regime functioned less as a government than as an organised kleptocracy.
The regime functioned less as a government than as an organised kleptocracy.
4
technocracynounformal
technocracy (rule by technical experts)
Government or governance by experts and technical specialists rather than elected politicians.
During the crisis the country was handed over to a technocracy of economists and central bankers.
During the crisis the country was handed over to a technocracy of economists and central bankers.
5
meritocracynounneutral
meritocracy (society where status is earned by merit)
A system in which advancement is based on ability and achievement rather than birth or wealth.
The party clung to the comforting myth that Britain was a pure meritocracy.
The party clung to the comforting myth that Britain was a pure meritocracy.
6
theocracynounformal
theocracy (rule by religious authority)
A state governed by religious authority, where clerics hold political power.
After the revolution the monarchy was replaced by an austere theocracy.
After the revolution the monarchy was replaced by an austere theocracy.
7
hegemonynounformaltechnical
hegemony (dominance of one power over others)
Dominance, especially of one state or group over others, often cultural or ideological as well as military.
The treaty marked the end of a century of imperial hegemony in the region.
The treaty marked the end of a century of imperial hegemony in the region.
8
realpolitiknounformal
realpolitik (hard-headed, pragmatic power politics)
Politics based on pragmatic power calculations rather than moral or ideological principle.
Lofty talk of human rights gave way to the cold realpolitik of securing oil supplies.
Lofty talk of human rights gave way to the cold realpolitik of securing oil supplies.
9
détentenounformal
détente (a thaw in tense relations between powers)
An easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between states.
The summit ushered in a fragile détente between the two superpowers.
The summit ushered in a fragile détente between the two superpowers.
10
rapprochementnounformal
rapprochement (a renewed warming of relations)
The re-establishment of cordial relations between countries or factions after a period of hostility.
Quiet back-channel talks paved the way for a historic rapprochement.
Quiet back-channel talks paved the way for a historic rapprochement.
11
brinkmanshipnounneutral
brinkmanship (risky pushing of a conflict to the edge)
The tactic of pushing a confrontation to the verge of disaster to force the other side to back down.
The debt-ceiling standoff was a reckless exercise in brinkmanship.
The debt-ceiling standoff was a reckless exercise in brinkmanship.
12
appeasementnounformalpejorative
appeasement (buying off an aggressor with concessions)
The policy of conceding to an aggressor's demands to avoid conflict, usually used disapprovingly.
Opponents branded the deal a craven act of appeasement.
Opponents branded the deal a craven act of appeasement.
13
statecraftnounformal
statecraft (the art and skill of governing a state)
The skilful management of state affairs, especially foreign policy and governance.
Brokering that ceasefire was a quiet masterpiece of statecraft.
Brokering that ceasefire was a quiet masterpiece of statecraft.
14
to enfranchiseverbformal
to enfranchise (to give the right to vote)
To grant someone the right to vote.
The reform act finally enfranchised millions of working-class men.
The reform act finally enfranchised millions of working-class men.
15
to disenfranchiseverbformal
to disenfranchise (to strip someone of the vote or a voice)
To deprive someone of the right to vote, or more broadly of power and a voice.
Strict voter-ID laws effectively disenfranchise the poorest citizens.
Strict voter-ID laws effectively disenfranchise the poorest citizens.
16
emancipationnounformal
emancipation (liberation of a group from restrictions or bondage)
The act of freeing a group from legal, social, or political restrictions.
The emancipation of the serfs transformed the country's social order overnight.
The emancipation of the serfs transformed the country's social order overnight.
17
electioneeringnounneutralpejorative
electioneering (active, often cynical campaigning for votes)
Active campaigning to win votes, often with connotations of cynical or manipulative tactics.
The minister was accused of blatant electioneering with public money.
The minister was accused of blatant electioneering with public money.
18
plebiscitenounformaltechnical
plebiscite (a direct popular vote on a major question)
A direct vote by the whole electorate on an important question, often of sovereignty or leadership.
The dictator legitimised his rule through a sham plebiscite.
The dictator legitimised his rule through a sham plebiscite.
19
proportional representationexpressiontechnical
proportional representation (seats allocated in proportion to votes)
An electoral system in which seats are allocated in proportion to the votes each party receives.
Smaller parties have long campaigned for proportional representation.
Smaller parties have long campaigned for proportional representation.
20
first-past-the-postexpressiontechnical
first-past-the-post (winner-takes-all constituency voting)
An electoral system in which the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins, with no need for a majority.
First-past-the-post tends to squeeze out third parties.
First-past-the-post tends to squeeze out third parties.
21
by-electionnounneutral
by-election (a single-seat election to fill a mid-term vacancy)
An election held in a single constituency to fill a vacancy between general elections.
The government suffered a humiliating defeat in the by-election.
The government suffered a humiliating defeat in the by-election.
22
caucusnountechnical
caucus (a party meeting or grouping that picks candidates or sets a line)
A meeting of party members to select candidates or decide policy; also a faction within a legislature.
He scored a surprise win in the Iowa caucus.
He scored a surprise win in the Iowa caucus.
23
pluralitynountechnical
plurality (the most votes, but less than half)
The largest number of votes among several candidates, even if short of an absolute majority.
She won a plurality of the vote but fell well short of an overall majority.
She won a plurality of the vote but fell well short of an overall majority.
24
supermajoritynountechnical
supermajority (a required margin above a simple majority)
A required majority larger than half, such as two-thirds, needed to pass certain measures.
Amending the constitution requires a supermajority in both chambers.
Amending the constitution requires a supermajority in both chambers.
25
to abstainverbneutral
to abstain (to deliberately cast no vote either way)
To formally decline to vote either for or against a motion.
A dozen backbenchers chose to abstain rather than back the bill.
A dozen backbenchers chose to abstain rather than back the bill.
26
swing voternounneutral
swing voter (an undecided, persuadable voter)
A voter without fixed party loyalty whose choice can decide an election.
The whole campaign was pitched at a few hundred thousand swing voters.
The whole campaign was pitched at a few hundred thousand swing voters.
27
bellwethernounformal
bellwether (a district or group that signals the overall result)
A constituency, region, or group whose voting pattern reliably predicts the wider outcome.
The county has been a bellwether, backing the winner in every election for fifty years.
The county has been a bellwether, backing the winner in every election for fifty years.
28
hustingsnounformal
hustings (the platform or events of election campaigning)
The campaign trail; public meetings where candidates address and debate before voters.
She spent six weeks on the hustings, shaking hands in every town.
She spent six weeks on the hustings, shaking hands in every town.
29
vote of no confidenceexpressiontechnical
vote of no confidence (a motion that can topple a government)
A formal parliamentary motion that, if passed, expresses that the legislature no longer supports the government.
The prime minister narrowly survived a vote of no confidence.
The prime minister narrowly survived a vote of no confidence.
30
to censureverbformal
to censure (to issue a formal reprimand of an official)
To formally and publicly condemn a public official for misconduct.
The committee voted to censure the minister for misleading parliament.
The committee voted to censure the minister for misleading parliament.
31
to prorogueverbformaltechnical
to prorogue (to suspend a parliamentary session)
To discontinue a session of parliament without dissolving it.
The government's decision to prorogue parliament sparked a constitutional crisis.
The government's decision to prorogue parliament sparked a constitutional crisis.
32
dissolutionnounformaltechnical
dissolution (the formal winding-up of a parliament before an election)
The formal ending of a parliament's term, clearing the way for a general election.
The dissolution of parliament set the campaign clock ticking.
The dissolution of parliament set the campaign clock ticking.
33
quorumnounformaltechnical
quorum (minimum attendance needed for valid decisions)
The minimum number of members required to be present for a meeting's decisions to be valid.
The vote was void because the chamber lacked a quorum.
The vote was void because the chamber lacked a quorum.
34
to tableverbformaltechnical
to table (to formally bring a motion forward for debate, UK)
In British usage, to formally put forward a motion or proposal for discussion (note: the American sense means to postpone it).
The opposition tabled an amendment to delay the bill.
The opposition tabled an amendment to delay the bill.
35
royal assentexpressionformaltechnical
royal assent (the crown's final sign-off making a bill law)
The monarch's formal approval that turns a bill passed by parliament into law.
The bill received royal assent and became law the following day.
The bill received royal assent and became law the following day.
36
statutenounformaltechnical
statute (a formal written law passed by a legislature)
A written law formally enacted by a legislature.
The practice was outlawed by statute more than a decade ago.
The practice was outlawed by statute more than a decade ago.
37
decreenounformal
decree (a binding order issued by executive authority)
An official order issued by a ruler or government with the force of law, often bypassing the legislature.
The president ruled by decree, sidelining a hostile parliament.
The president ruled by decree, sidelining a hostile parliament.
38
patronagenounformal
patronage (dispensing jobs and favours for political loyalty)
The power to grant jobs, favours, or appointments, often used to reward political loyalty.
The prime minister's powers of patronage let her reward loyalists with peerages.
The prime minister's powers of patronage let her reward loyalists with peerages.
39
nepotismnounneutralpejorative
nepotism (favouring one's relatives in appointments)
Favouritism shown to relatives, especially in appointments to positions of power.
Appointing his son-in-law as adviser reeked of nepotism.
Appointing his son-in-law as adviser reeked of nepotism.
40
cronyismnounneutralpejorative
cronyism (favouring friends and allies for posts or contracts)
The practice of appointing or favouring friends and associates regardless of their qualifications.
Lucrative contracts handed to old friends sparked accusations of cronyism.
Lucrative contracts handed to old friends sparked accusations of cronyism.
41
pork barrelnouninformalpejorative
pork barrel (lavish local spending to buy political support)
Government spending channelled to a politician's local district to win favour with voters.
The new bridge was pure pork barrel, designed to shore up his seat.
The new bridge was pure pork barrel, designed to shore up his seat.
42
sinecurenounformal
sinecure (a cushy post with pay but few duties)
A position that brings status or pay but requires little or no actual work.
The ambassadorship was little more than a comfortable sinecure for a party donor.
The ambassadorship was little more than a comfortable sinecure for a party donor.
43
juntanounneutral
junta (a ruling group, usually military, that has seized power)
A military or political clique that seizes power, especially after a coup.
The junta suspended the constitution and arrested opposition leaders.
The junta suspended the constitution and arrested opposition leaders.
44
martial lawexpressionformaltechnical
martial law (military control replacing civil government)
Temporary military rule imposed over a civilian population, usually suspending normal rights.
The general declared martial law and sent tanks into the capital.
The general declared martial law and sent tanks into the capital.
45
state of emergencyexpressionformal
state of emergency (a declared crisis granting special powers)
A government declaration granting itself extraordinary powers during a crisis.
The government declared a state of emergency after the unrest spread.
The government declared a state of emergency after the unrest spread.
46
secessionnounformal
secession (a region breaking away from a state)
The formal withdrawal of a region or group from a larger political union or state.
Talk of secession grew louder as the regional economy boomed.
Talk of secession grew louder as the regional economy boomed.
47
annexationnounformal
annexation (the seizing and absorbing of territory)
The forcible incorporation of one state's territory into another.
The international community refused to recognise the annexation.
The international community refused to recognise the annexation.
48
self-determinationnounformal
self-determination (a people's right to choose its own governance)
The principle that a people has the right to decide its own political status and form of government.
They framed the struggle as a fight for national self-determination.
They framed the struggle as a fight for national self-determination.
49
isolationismnounformal
isolationism (a policy of staying out of foreign affairs)
A foreign policy of avoiding alliances and entanglement in other nations' affairs.
The election marked a retreat into isolationism and protectionism.
The election marked a retreat into isolationism and protectionism.
50
protectionismnounformaltechnical
protectionism (shielding home industry with trade barriers)
An economic policy of shielding domestic industry through tariffs and trade barriers.
The new tariffs marked a sharp turn towards protectionism.
The new tariffs marked a sharp turn towards protectionism.
51
egalitarianadjectiveformal
egalitarian (committed to social and political equality)
Believing in or promoting equal rights and opportunities for all people.
The party clung to a fiercely egalitarian vision of society.
The party clung to a fiercely egalitarian vision of society.
52
elitismnounneutralpejorative
elitism (favouring rule or privilege for a select few)
The belief that power should rest with a privileged few, or the attitudes of such a group.
Populists thrived by railing against the elitism of the political class.
Populists thrived by railing against the elitism of the political class.
53
nanny statenouninformalpejorative
nanny state (an over-protective, meddling government)
A disapproving term for a government seen as overly protective and interfering in personal choices.
Critics denounced the sugar tax as another lurch towards the nanny state.
Critics denounced the sugar tax as another lurch towards the nanny state.
54
laissez-faireadjectiveformaltechnical
laissez-faire (advocating minimal state intervention)
Favouring minimal government intervention in the economy and society.
His laissez-faire instincts left him reluctant to regulate the banks.
His laissez-faire instincts left him reluctant to regulate the banks.
55
entitlementnountechnical
entitlement (a guaranteed state benefit one is legally owed)
A government benefit that people have a legal right to receive, such as a pension or healthcare.
Reforming entitlements like pensions is politically toxic.
Reforming entitlements like pensions is politically toxic.
56
means-testedadjectivetechnical
means-tested (granted only to those below an income threshold)
Of a benefit, granted only to those whose income or assets fall below a set threshold.
The grant is means-tested, so wealthier families receive nothing.
The grant is means-tested, so wealthier families receive nothing.
57
safety netnounneutral
safety net (the welfare provision protecting people from destitution)
The system of state benefits intended to protect people from poverty and destitution.
Years of cuts had worn the social safety net dangerously thin.
Years of cuts had worn the social safety net dangerously thin.
58
underclassnounformal
underclass (the most deprived, marginalised social stratum)
The most disadvantaged stratum of society, marginalised from mainstream economic life.
Deindustrialisation left behind a permanent underclass in the old mill towns.
Deindustrialisation left behind a permanent underclass in the old mill towns.
59
gentrificationnounneutral
gentrification (affluent newcomers displacing a poorer urban community)
The transformation of a poor urban area as wealthier residents move in, often displacing the original community.
Rapid gentrification pushed long-time residents out of the neighbourhood.
Rapid gentrification pushed long-time residents out of the neighbourhood.
60
apartheidnounneutral
apartheid (state-enforced racial segregation)
A system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the state.
The struggle against apartheid drew support from around the world.
The struggle against apartheid drew support from around the world.
61
segregationnounneutral
segregation (enforced separation of social or racial groups)
The enforced separation of groups, especially by race, in public life and institutions.
Racial segregation in schools was finally ruled unconstitutional.
Racial segregation in schools was finally ruled unconstitutional.
62
assimilationnounformal
assimilation (a minority group blending into the dominant culture)
The process by which a minority group absorbs the culture of the wider society, sometimes by pressure.
The policy demanded complete cultural assimilation of newcomers.
The policy demanded complete cultural assimilation of newcomers.
63
whistleblowernounneutral
whistleblower (an insider who exposes wrongdoing)
Someone who exposes wrongdoing, corruption, or illegality within an organisation or government.
The whistleblower leaked thousands of documents to the press.
The whistleblower leaked thousands of documents to the press.
64
dog whistlenouninformal
dog whistle (coded language signalling to a specific group)
A coded political message that conveys a controversial meaning to a target group while sounding innocuous to others.
Talk of 'inner-city crime' was widely read as a racial dog whistle.
Talk of 'inner-city crime' was widely read as a racial dog whistle.
65
wedge issuenounneutral
wedge issue (a divisive topic used to split the opposition)
A divisive topic deliberately raised to split an opponent's coalition or mobilise one's own base.
Immigration became the wedge issue that fractured the governing coalition.
Immigration became the wedge issue that fractured the governing coalition.
66
echo chambernounneutral
echo chamber (a closed space of self-reinforcing opinion)
An environment in which people encounter only opinions that reinforce their own, deepening political polarisation.
Social media algorithms trap users in ideological echo chambers.
Social media algorithms trap users in ideological echo chambers.
67
ideologuenounformalpejorative
ideologue (a rigid, uncompromising believer in a doctrine)
A rigid, doctrinaire adherent of a political ideology, often unwilling to compromise.
He was a pragmatist surrounded by uncompromising ideologues.
He was a pragmatist surrounded by uncompromising ideologues.
68
sectarianadjectiveformal
sectarian (driven by bitter religious or factional division)
Relating to rigid, often hostile divisions between religious or political groups.
The country slid into sectarian violence after the regime fell.
The country slid into sectarian violence after the regime fell.
69
factionnounneutral
faction (a competing internal group within a party)
An organised dissenting group within a larger party or movement.
The party was torn apart by warring factions.
The party was torn apart by warring factions.
70
schismnounformal
schism (a profound, formal split within a group)
A deep, formal split within a party, movement, or institution.
The leadership contest exposed a schism that never truly healed.
The leadership contest exposed a schism that never truly healed.
71
defectornounneutral
defector (one who switches allegiance to the opposing side)
Someone who abandons their party, cause, or country for an opposing one.
A high-profile defector crossed the floor to join the opposition.
A high-profile defector crossed the floor to join the opposition.
72
envoynounformal
envoy (an official diplomatic representative or messenger)
An official messenger or diplomat sent to represent a government in negotiations.
A special envoy was dispatched to broker a ceasefire.
A special envoy was dispatched to broker a ceasefire.
73
embargonounformaltechnical
embargo (an official trade ban against a country)
An official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.
The arms embargo was tightened after the latest atrocities.
The arms embargo was tightened after the latest atrocities.
74
governancenounformaltechnical
governance (the way power and administration are exercised)
The manner and quality of governing or administering a state, institution, or organisation.
Donors demanded better governance as a condition of the aid.
Donors demanded better governance as a condition of the aid.
75
apparatchiknounformalpejorative
apparatchik (a blindly loyal party or bureaucratic functionary)
A loyal, often unthinking functionary of a political party or bureaucratic machine.
He rose through the ranks as a grey, reliable party apparatchik.
He rose through the ranks as a grey, reliable party apparatchik.
76
constituentnounneutral
constituent (a voter an elected official represents)
A voter or resident represented by an elected official.
She held a surgery every Friday to meet her constituents.
She held a surgery every Friday to meet her constituents.
77
demographicnountechnical
demographic (a defined population group, e.g. by age or income)
A particular segment of the population defined by shared characteristics such as age or income.
The party haemorrhaged support among younger demographics.
The party haemorrhaged support among younger demographics.
78
graftnounneutralNorth American
graft (corrupt gain from a position of power; chiefly North American — in British English 'graft' means hard work)
The use of political office for dishonest personal gain, especially through bribery and kickbacks. Chiefly North American in this sense; in British English, 'graft' means hard work or effort — the two senses must not be confused.
The mayor's career ended in a scandal of petty graft and kickbacks.
The mayor's career ended in a scandal of petty graft and kickbacks.
79
firebrandnounneutral
firebrand (a passionately outspoken political agitator who stirs strong feeling)
A passionate, charismatic agitator who stirs up strong political feeling.
Once a left-wing firebrand, she had mellowed into a cautious elder of the party.
Once a left-wing firebrand, she had mellowed into a cautious elder of the party.
80
franchisenounformal
franchise (the right to vote; in this political sense it commonly collocates with 'the', as in 'extend the franchise' or 'restrict the franchise')
The right to vote in public elections.
The campaign to extend the franchise to women lasted decades.
The campaign to extend the franchise to women lasted decades.
81
special electionnounneutralAmerican English
special election (American English; British: by-election)
American English term for an election held outside the regular cycle to fill a seat vacated mid-term.
A special election was called after the congressman resigned in disgrace.
An off-cycle vote was held to replace a congressman who quit.
82
floating voternounneutralBritish English
floating voter (British English; American: swing voter)
British English term for an undecided elector with no fixed party loyalty who may be persuaded either way.
The manifesto was carefully pitched to win over floating voters in marginal constituencies.
The policy document was aimed at persuading undecided electors in closely contested seats.